ReviewDiseases (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Iontophoresis Drug Delivery to the Macula of Lutein for Age Related Macular Degeneration.
Review in Diseases (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAge-related macular degeneration (AMD) represents a leading cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide, driven by intricate interactions among oxidative stress, low-degree chronic inflammation, and macular pigment depletion in aging retinas. Lutein, a component of the macular pigment, has attracted significant attention in AMD management for its antioxidant and blue-light filtering properties. Its oral supplementation, however, although showing potential in slowing AMD progression, requires daily intake and results in variable macular absorption. Trans-scleral iontophoresis (TSI) is a non-invasive technique using low-intensity electric currents to deliver charged molecules into biological tissues and represents an innovative method to deliver lutein into the retina.
methodsThe present narrative review synthesizes and discusses the results of lutein supplementation in AMD patients; the ocular iontophoresis basal principles, efficacy, safety and limitations in treating different ophthalmic pathologies; and the evolving clinical evidence supporting lutein TSI in the AMD management.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.