Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42782404›Full record

Observational studyEuropean journal of nutrition2026

Dietary vitamin C intake and the risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes: The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) Study.

Markus Mattila, Lazarus K Mramba, Sari Niinistö, Iris Erlund, Xiang Liu, Ulla Uusitalo, Carin Andrén Aronsson, Sandra Hummel, Brigitte I Frohnert, Hemang M Parikh and 11 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract readMulticenter StudyObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in European journal of nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00279318 (Consortium for Identification of Environmental Triggers of Type 1 Diabetes), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT00279318 completednot on this map

Consortium for Identification of Environmental Triggers of Type 1 Diabetes

TypeobservationalSponsorNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)Ran2004 to 2025Enrolled8,667ConditionsType 1 Diabetes Mellitus
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

21 authors.

Markus MattilaFaculty of Social Sciences, Unit of Health Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland. markus.mattila@tuni.fi.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7829-9474
Lazarus K MrambaHealth Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
Sari NiinistöDepartment of Public Health, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
Iris ErlundFinnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
Xiang LiuHealth Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
Ulla UusitaloHealth Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
Carin Andrén AronssonDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Clinical Research Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
Sandra HummelInstitute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.
Brigitte I FrohnertBarbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
Hemang M ParikhHealth Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
Stephen S RichDepartment of Genome Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
William HagopianPacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
Jorma ToppariDepartment of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
Åke LernmarkDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Clinical Research Center, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
Anette G ZieglerInstitute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.
Marian RewersBarbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
Jeffrey P KrischerHealth Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
Leena HakolaFaculty of Social Sciences, Unit of Health Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
Jill M NorrisDepartment of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.
Suvi M VirtanenFaculty of Social Sciences, Unit of Health Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
TEDDY Study Group

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeWe explored the associations between vitamin C intake and the risk of islet autoimmunity (IA) and/or type 1 diabetes in genetically at-risk children. Furthermore, we explored associations between vitamin C metabolism-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and type 1 diabetes outcomes.

methodsThe current study within Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) cohort included 8478 children followed up every 3-6 months for relevant autoantibodies and diet. Dietary vitamin C intake was assessed longitudinally throughout childhood using age-specific dietary assessment methods and analysed using repeated measurements. Cox regression was used for the primary analyses and Bayesian joint longitudinal-survival models as sensitivity analyses.

resultsA total of 777 (9.2%) children developed IA, including 292 (3.4%) with IAA-first and 337 (4.0%) with GADA-first autoimmunity; 319 (41.0%) progressed to type 1 diabetes. Mean (SD) vitamin C intake was 60.7 (38.8) mg/1000 kcal. Higher vitamin C intake was associated with an increased risk of IAA-first autoimmunity (adjusted hazard ratio 1.04; 95% confidence interval 1.00-1.07, per 10 mg/1000 kcal increase) while lowest and highest tertiles of intake were associated with increased risk of GADA-first autoimmunity as compared to mid-tertile [(1.65; 1.20-2.27) and (1.42; 1.02-1.98), respectively]. Sensitivity analyses using Bayesian joint longitudinal-survival models supported the primary findings and suggested nonlinear associations between vitamin C intake and the risks of IA and multiple IA. Associations between vitamin C-related SNPs and study outcomes did not withstand correction for multiple testing.

conclusionVitamin C intake was not consistently associated with IA or progression to type 1 diabetes. However, the observed nonlinear association, with lowest risk for moderate intakes, merits further investigation.

trial registrationNCT00279318, 06/09/2004.

Indexed as

Ascorbic AcidAutoimmunityDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1DietIslets of LangerhansAutoantibodiesChildChild, PreschoolCohort StudiesFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMalePolymorphism, Single NucleotideRisk FactorsSocial Determinants of HealthAscorbic AcidAutoantibodiesAutoimmunityDietGenotypesPlasma ascorbic acidSingle nucleotide polymorphismType 1 diabetesVitamin C

Identifiers

PMID42782404
PMCPMC13612646

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.