Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42781940›Full record

ReviewEuropean heart journal. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy2026

Rewriting heart health: epigenetic drugs in cardiovascular medicine.

Natalia Atzemian, Ludovica Di Venanzio, Shafeeq Ahmed Mohammed, Sarah Costantino, Frank Ruschitzka, Francesco Paneni

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in European heart journal. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Advancing and implementing cardiovascular drug therapy.European heart journal. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Natalia AtzemianCenter for Translational and Experimental Cardiology (CTEC), Department of Cardiology, Zurich University Hospital, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, Schlieren, 8952, Switzerland.ORCID 0009-0005-7793-7082
Ludovica Di VenanzioCenter for Translational and Experimental Cardiology (CTEC), Department of Cardiology, Zurich University Hospital, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, Schlieren, 8952, Switzerland.ORCID 0009-0003-1941-6938
Shafeeq Ahmed MohammedCenter for Translational and Experimental Cardiology (CTEC), Department of Cardiology, Zurich University Hospital, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, Schlieren, 8952, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0003-2365-5037
Sarah CostantinoCenter for Translational and Experimental Cardiology (CTEC), Department of Cardiology, Zurich University Hospital, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, Schlieren, 8952, Switzerland.
Frank RuschitzkaCenter for Translational and Experimental Cardiology (CTEC), Department of Cardiology, Zurich University Hospital, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, Schlieren, 8952, Switzerland.
Francesco PaneniCenter for Translational and Experimental Cardiology (CTEC), Department of Cardiology, Zurich University Hospital, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, Schlieren, 8952, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0001-6483-7844

Funding

EMDO StiftungEuropean Research Council 101232448Foundation for Scientific ResearchKurt und Senta-Hermann StiftungNovartis Foundation for Medical-Biological ResearchOlga Mayenfisch FoundationSchweizerische Diabetes-StiftungSwiss Heart FoundationSwiss Life FoundationSwiss National Science Foundation 310030_197557Swiss National Science Foundation 320030-236150University of Zurich
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease reflects not only genetic pre-disposition and haemodynamic stress but also reversible alterations in chromatin organization and transcriptional programming, a layer of regulation that is, in principle, amenable to pharmacological intervention. Purpose-built epigenetic drugs, DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, histone acetyltransferase inhibitors, bromodomain and extra-terminal domain inhibitors, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 inhibitors, and RNA-based therapeutics, target this machinery directly. In parallel, established cardiovascular therapies, including statins, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, antithrombotic agents, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, and incretin-based therapies, appear to modulate the epigenome as an underappreciated component of their action, a concept termed 'pharmaco-epigenetics'. This review appraises both axes side by side, with explicit attention to clinical maturity, including the level of evidence, human validation, development stage, and the interpretation of hypothesis-generating findings. Key translational barriers, cardiac-targeted delivery, biomarkers of target engagement, and interindividual epigenetic variability, are outlined alongside priorities for future trial design.

Indexed as

Cardiovascular AgentsCardiovascular DiseasesEpigenesis, GeneticAnimalsDNA MethylationHumansCardiovascular AgentsCardiovascular diseaseDNA methylationEpi-drugsEpigeneticsHistone ModifiersPharmaco-epigenetics

Identifiers

PMID42781940
PMCPMC13730576

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.