Misleading at Best: A Critical Appraisal of "Nurse-Physician Substitution in Hospital Settings".

Background: A recent Cochrane review concluded that nurse-led care results in little to no difference in outcomes compared with physician-led care in hospital settings. These findings have been widely interpreted as evidence supporting substitution of nurses for physicians. Objective: To evaluate the studies included in the Cochrane review and determine whether the evidence supports independent nurse substitution for physicians in hospital settings. Methods: We conducted a structured analysis of the 82 randomized controlled trials included in the review, examining clinical setting, patient acuity, level of supervision, and type of intervention. Results: Only 10 of 82 studies evaluated inpatient hospital care, all involving stable or selected patient populations within physician-led or supervised systems. An additional 11 studies addressed low-acuity emergency or preoperative settings. The remaining majority consisted of outpatient, protocol-driven care for stable conditions, often with explicit physician oversight. No study evaluated independent nurse-led management of hospitalized patients or intensive care settings. Many studies assessed task-specific interventions, additional services, or structured follow-up rather than equivalent clinical roles. Conclusion: The evidence cited does not support independent substitution of nurses for physicians in hospital settings. Instead, it supports the effectiveness of protocolized, delegated care within physician-led teams. While addressing physician workforce shortages is important, maintaining quality and safety requires preserving physician-led models of care.