ReviewInternational journal of nanomedicine2026
Bioinspired and Biomimetic Nanocarriers: Advances in Exosomes and Cell-Membrane-Coated Systems for Therapeutic Applications.
Review in International journal of nanomedicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The translation of nanomedicine from bench to bedside has been thwarted by the limitations of conventional synthetic nanoparticles including rapid mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) clearance, lack of target specificity, immunogenicity and poor intracellular delivery. To overcome these limitations, bioinspired and biomimetic nanocarriers are emerging as the next generation of therapeutic platforms. Bioinspired systems replicate the core biological design principles with engineered synthetic materials and biomimetic platforms use natural biological components such as cell membranes and extracellular vesicles. We herein review recent advances in bioinspired design strategies including hybrid bio-synthetic systems, and two major classes of biomimetic nanocarriers; (1) cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (CM-NPs), focusing on self-assembly approaches and their improved features over conventional fabrication methods, and (2) exosomes and extracellular vesicles (EVs), including engineered exosomes, membrane-derived vesicles, and core-shell hybrid nanocarriers. The biogenesis and isolation of exosomes and strategies for loading drugs into exosomes are discussed in depth. In particular, homotypic targeting, CD47 surface protein-mediated immune evasion, and therapeutic drug release in response to the tumor microenvironment are highlighted. Therapeutic applications of biomimetic nanocarriers in cancer, gene delivery (siRNA, mRNA, CRISPR-Cas9), neurological disorders and inflammatory diseases are covered in detail. We then discuss the challenges to translation including scalability, lot-to-lot batch reproducibility, storage stability, immunogenicity and regulatory hurdles. For the future, we discuss the role of artificial intelligence in the design of nanocarriers and personalized nanomedicine. This review outlines the advantages and disadvantages of biomimetic nanocarriers to aid in the rational design of nanomedicine for clinical translation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.