ArticleCureus2026
Clinical Characteristics, Microbiological Profile, and In-Hospital Outcomes of Community-Acquired Pyogenic Bacterial Meningitis in Adults Across Five Hospitals in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study.
Article in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
Background Contemporary multicenter data describing adult community-acquired pyogenic bacterial meningitis in Saudi Arabia remain limited. This study characterized the demographic, clinical, microbiological, and in-hospital outcome profile of cases identified across five hospitals in Jeddah. Methods We conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study using surveillance and hospital records from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2025. Adults with confirmed or probable community-acquired pyogenic bacterial meningitis were included. Microbiological confirmation was established by culture or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with PCR applied to culture-negative specimens. Descriptive analyses used variable-specific denominators. Exploratory group comparisons were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher exact test. Because of the limited sample, multivariable analyses were conducted using Firth penalized logistic regression with adjustment for age and admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score as covariates. Results Among 39 candidate records, five pediatric records and five records with a non-community-acquired source were excluded, leaving 29 adults. No eligible adult cases were identified during 2020-2022. The median age was 41 years, and 13 patients (44.8%) were male. All 29 cases (100.0%) were microbiologically confirmed after including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results, and PCR alone established the etiology in nine culture-negative cases (31.0%).
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