ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
Nursing workload, staffing qualifications, and nursing care costs associated with hospital-acquired pressure ulcer days in the ICU: a retrospective cohort study.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Hospital-acquired pressure ulcers (HAPUs) are frequent and costly adverse events. Inadequate staffing and missed nursing care may contribute to preventable complications and higher healthcare costs. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the associations between nursing workload, staffing qualifications, and nursing care costs and the occurrence of hospital-acquired pressure ulcer days in ICU patients using retrospective cohort data. Methods: This study included 1,461 ICU care days from 2019 to 2022. Variables examined were Nursing Hours per Patient Day (NHPPD), patient-days, nursing educational structure, and care complexity assessed using TISS-28. Logistic with Newey-West standard errors evaluated associations of NHPPD and patient-days with HAPU days. Nursing care costs were analyzed separately using non-parametric tests comparisons. Results: A total of 81 days with HAPU were identified (5.4% of). Each one-hour increase in NHPPD was associated with 9% lower odds of a HAPU Day (OR = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.83-1.00; Conclusion: Nursing workload indicators, particularly NHPPD and patient demand, were significantly associated with HAPU occurrence in the ICU. Adequate nursing staffing may contribute to reducing preventable adverse events and improving patient safety in intensive care settings.
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