ArticleFrontiers in nutrition2026
Cross-sectional associations of lipid accumulation and immune-nutritional indices with ultrasonography-detected gallstone disease: an explainable machine learning analysis.
Article in Frontiers in nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Recent studies have linked individual lipid accumulation and triglyceride-glucose indices to the prevalence of gallstones, but direct comparisons of metabolic, inflammatory, and immune-nutritional indices in hospital-based health examination cohorts with ultrasonography-defined gallstones remain limited. We therefore examined whether routinely available composite indices were associated with prevalent gallstone disease and evaluated their cross-sectional discrimination performance. Methods: We conducted a single-center, hospital-based cross-sectional study of adults undergoing routine health examinations at the Health Examination Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University during 2024-2025. The primary inferential analyses included multivariable logistic regression models evaluating the associations between each candidate index and ultrasonography-detected gallstone disease. Quartile analyses, restricted cubic splines, ROC analyses, calibration, decision curve analysis, and explainable machine learning analyses were treated as exploratory. Stratified 5-fold cross-validation was used to assess internal model stability. Results: Among 1,376 participants [mean (SD) age, 47.27 (13.35) years; 743 men (54.00%)], 127 (9.23%) had ultrasonography-detected gallstone disease. In Model 3, TyG-WC was nominally associated with gallstone disease per 1-SD increment (OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.05-1.69; Conclusion: Several routinely derived metabolic and immune-nutritional indices were associated with prevalent ultrasonography-detected gallstone disease, but effect estimates were imprecise for some comparisons and discrimination was modest. The findings are hypothesis-generating; they do not establish incremental predictive value beyond conventional risk factors or support stand-alone clinical risk stratification without external and longitudinal validation.
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