ArticlebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology2026
Conserved Metastatic Cell States and Spatial Immune Microenvironment Remodeling Define Pancreatic Cancer Liver Metastases.
Article in bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) mortality is driven largely by liver metastatic disease; however, the malignant cell states and tumor microenvironmental features of PDAC liver metastases remain obscure. Methods: We developed a transplant model system of matched pancreatic and liver tumors to study PDAC metastatic progression. Using this model, we identified murine PDAC cell lines with distinct liver metastatic capacities and performed multiomic profiling of matched primary pancreatic and metastatic liver tumors. Transcriptional programs associated with high and low liver tropism were defined and evaluated across tumor models and independent human PDAC datasets. Spatial and tumor-immune interaction analyses were used to characterize microenvironmental niches, immune composition, and cellular relationships within primary and metastatic tumors. Results: A high-liver-tropic transcriptional program was enriched in high liver-tropic cell lines and malignant cells within liver metastases, conserved across human PDAC datasets, and associated with inferior patient survival. High- and low-liver-tropic tumor states occupied distinct liver microenvironmental niches and exhibited different tumor-immune communication networks, accompanied by local and systemic changes in immune composition. Liver metastases also displayed features of enhanced immunosuppression, including increased proximity of CD4 Conclusions: These findings identify conserved PDAC cell states associated with differential liver metastatic capacity and demonstrate that liver metastasis is accompanied by spatial and immunologic remodeling of the tumor microenvironment. Together, the study provides a framework for understanding how tumor-intrinsic metastatic programs interact with site-specific immune ecosystems in PDAC.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.