ArticlePoultry science2026
The single-cell protein from Candida utilis as a functional protein ingredient for broilers.
Article in Poultry science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The search for sustainable protein alternatives to soybean meal (SBM) in broilers diets has highlighted single-cell proteins as a promising candidate. Candida utilis protein (CUP) represents a potential substitute, yet its optimal inclusion level in broiler nutrition remains to be determined. A 42-day trial was conducted with 512 Arbor Acres broilers (1d old, initial body weights 45.00 ± 0.13 g) were purchased and randomly assigned to eight treatment groups. Treatment diets included 0% control group (CON), 1% CUP group (CUP1), 2% CUP group (CUP2), 3% CUP group (CUP3), 4% CUP group (CUP4), 5% CUP group (CUP5), 6% CUP group (CUP6) and 8% CUP group (CUP8). Growth performance exhibited a quadratic response (P < 0.001), with every phase average daily gain and average daily feed intake peaking at 4% inclusion and declining at 8%. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and total amino acids was highest at the 3-4% inclusion levels (P < 0.05). Serum immunoglobulins immunoglobulin-Y (IgY), immunoglobulin-A (IgA), immunoglobulin-M (IgM), anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and antioxidant enzyme activities superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) increased linearly with yeast supplementation (P < 0.001), whereas pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), C-reactive protein (CRP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased linearly (P < 0.001). Spleen weight and abdominal fat percentage also rose with increasing inclusion. Microbial community analysis revealed numerical reductions in α diversity with increasing dietary CUP inclusion, whereas principal coordinate analysis demonstrated clear separation of bacterial communities across treatments, with the % CUP group showing the most pronounced deviation from the control group. These results demonstrate quadratic regression analysis using growth performance as the core indicator revealed a theoretically optimal CUP supplementation range of 1.6% to 2.5%. Combined with the measured application effects, the comprehensive recommended optimal inclusion level of CUP in broiler diets is 1.6% to 4.0%, with a recommended level of 4% for large-scale commercial production.
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