Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42777335›Full record

ArticleEBioMedicine2026

Metabolomic profiling of ultra-processed food consumption and cardiovascular risk in Spanish preschool children: a cross-sectional study.

Josué A Pérez-Acosta, Jesús F García-Gavilán, Hernando J Margara-Escudero, Concepción M Aguilera, Rosaura Leis, Irina Gheorghita, María L Miguel-Berges, Santiago Navas-Carretero, José V Sorlí, Iolanda Lázaro and 13 more

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23 authors.

Josué A Pérez-AcostaUniversitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Alimentació, Nutrició, Desenvolupament i Salut Mental (ANUT-DSM), Reus, Spain; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Catalunya Sud (IRBCatSud), Reus, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Jesús F García-GavilánUniversitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Alimentació, Nutrició, Desenvolupament i Salut Mental (ANUT-DSM), Reus, Spain; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Catalunya Sud (IRBCatSud), Reus, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Hernando J Margara-EscuderoUniversitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Alimentació, Nutrició, Desenvolupament i Salut Mental (ANUT-DSM), Reus, Spain; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Catalunya Sud (IRBCatSud), Reus, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Concepción M AguileraCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA) and Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.
Rosaura LeisCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Unit of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Pediatric Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Pediatric Nutrition Research Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS). Unit of Investigation in Nutrition, Growth and Human Development of Galicia-USC, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Irina GheorghitaInstitut de Recerca Biomèdica Catalunya Sud (IRBCatSud), Reus, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Pediatric Nutrition and Human Development Research Unit (PediNuR), Reus, Spain.
María L Miguel-BergesCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD-B34_23R) Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud e Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2) University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
Santiago Navas-CarreteroCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; University of Navarra, Center for Nutrition Research, 31008, Pamplona, Spain; Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Nutrición y Salud, 31080, Pamplona, Spain; IdisNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
José V SorlíCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
Iolanda LázaroCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
Belén Pastor-VillaescusaPrimary Care Interventions to Prevent Maternal and Child Chronic Diseases of Perinatal and Developmental Origin (RICORS), RD21/0012/0008, Spanish Network in Maternal, Neonatal, Child and Developmental Health Research (RICORS-SAMID, RD24/0013/0007), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain; Metabolism and Investigation Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimónides Institute of Biomedicine Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba; Córdoba, 14071, Spain.
Rocío Vázquez-CobelaCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Unit of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Pediatric Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Pediatric Nutrition Research Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS). Unit of Investigation in Nutrition, Growth and Human Development of Galicia-USC, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Lucía Iglesias-VázquezUniversitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Alimentació, Nutrició, Desenvolupament i Salut Mental (ANUT-DSM), Reus, Spain; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Catalunya Sud (IRBCatSud), Reus, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Pilar De Miguel-EtayoCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD-B34_23R) Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud e Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2) University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.
Natalia Vazquez-BoleaUniversity of Navarra, Center for Nutrition Research, 31008, Pamplona, Spain; Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Nutrición y Salud, 31080, Pamplona, Spain.
José Manuel Jurado-CastroCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Metabolism and Investigation Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimónides Institute of Biomedicine Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba; Córdoba, 14071, Spain.
Rosaura Picáns-LeisNeonatology Service, RICORS-SAMID-CIBERER, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Joaquín EscribanoInstitut de Recerca Biomèdica Catalunya Sud (IRBCatSud), Reus, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Pediatric Nutrition and Human Development Research Unit (PediNuR), Reus, Spain; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Servicio de Pediatría, Reus, Spain.
Luis A MorenoCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD-B34_23R) Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud e Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2) University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.
MJosé de la Torre-AguilarMetabolism and Investigation Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimónides Institute of Biomedicine Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba; Córdoba, 14071, Spain.
Mercedes Gil-CamposCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Metabolism and Investigation Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimónides Institute of Biomedicine Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba; Córdoba, 14071, Spain.
Jordi Salas-SalvadóUniversitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Alimentació, Nutrició, Desenvolupament i Salut Mental (ANUT-DSM), Reus, Spain; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Catalunya Sud (IRBCatSud), Reus, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: jordi.salas@urv.cat.
Nancy BabioUniversitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Alimentació, Nutrició, Desenvolupament i Salut Mental (ANUT-DSM), Reus, Spain; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Catalunya Sud (IRBCatSud), Reus, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: nancy.babio@urv.cat.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundUltra-processed food (UPF) consumption has increased substantially among children worldwide and has been associated with early cardiovascular alterations. We aimed to identify plasma metabolomic profiles associated with UPF consumption in children aged 3-6 years and to assess their association with cardiovascular risk factors.

methodsThis cross-sectional analysis used baseline data from the Childhood Obesity Risk Assessment Longitudinal Study (CORALS), with children recruited between March 2019 and June 2022 through primary schools and health-care centres in seven Spanish cities. 1148 children were included (mean age 5.0 years [SD 1.1]; 50.6% girls) after exclusions due to medical conditions and incomplete or implausible dietary or metabolomic data. Energy-adjusted UPF intake (g/d) was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire and categorised with NOVA classification. 249 metabolites were quantified by NMR-based metabolomics, and lipid-related and amino acid-related profiles/scores were derived. A composite cardiovascular risk score (CVRs) was constructed by summing sex-specific, age-adjusted z-scores for fat-mass index, HDL-and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, mean arterial pressure, and Homoeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance.

findings19 metabolites were associated with UPF consumption after false discovery rate correction (FDR). A lipid-related score was positively associated with CVRs (β = 0.511; 95% CI: 0.413-0.610; FDR <0.001) and the amino acid-related score was associated with a lower CVRs (β = -0.494; 95% CI: -0.667 to -0.321; FDR <0.001). Discrimination of cardiovascular risk beyond covariates alone was higher after inclusion of metabolomic scores, particularly when both scores were considered jointly (ΔAUC 0.092, 95% CI: 0.013-0.172; p = 0.020).

interpretationIn Spanish pre-schoolers UPF-related metabolomic profiles were associated with different cardiovascular risk factors. These diet-related metabolomic scores capture biological correlates relevant to early cardiovascular health and align with early-life metabolic pattering, supporting future longitudinal studies and prevention strategies.

fundingCIBEROBN; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII-FIS; EU ERDF/ESF); ISCIII PFIS.

Indexed as

Cardiovascular DiseasesFast FoodsMetabolomeMetabolomicsBiomarkersChildChild, PreschoolCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHeart Disease Risk FactorsHumansMaleRisk FactorsSpainBiomarkersCardiometabolic riskChildrenMetabolomicsUltra-processed foods

Identifiers

PMID42777335
PMCPMC13634276

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