ArticleHardwareX2026
A portable, low-cost, and open-source electrical impedance tomography system with a modular analog front-end based on STM32 and AD5933.
Article in HardwareX, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive, radiation-free medical imaging technique, but commercial devices remain costly and complex. This paper presents a portable, low-cost (95.3 USD) open-source 16-electrode time-difference EIT system based on the AD5933 impedance converter and an STM32F407VGT6 microcontroller. Its highly modular analog front-end enables switching between Load-in-the-Loop and Mirrored Howland Voltage-Controlled Current Source (VCCS) topologies, alongside AD620 module or INA118P instrumentation amplifiers. Utilizing an adjacent pattern, the computationally efficient system acquires 208 impedance data points in 2 s, which is highly suitable for static phantom imaging. Hardware validation at 50.68 kHz demonstrated exceptional measurement precision, yielding standard deviations between 0.54 and 6.33 , and a peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) of 43.7 dB. Phantom experiments using a 3D-printed container filled with saline (966 mS/m) successfully evaluated the configurations using both conductive (stainless steel) and non-conductive (plastic) target anomalies across various positions. The 2D boundary voltages were reconstructed using the Back-Projection algorithm in the pyEIT library, achieving a maximum Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) of 0.9242 and a minimum Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 28.29. This highly replicable, fully open-source platform offers a robust and accessible foundation for EIT research and education.
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