ArticleFrontiers in psychology2026
Turkish adaptation of the CTONI-2: psychometric properties and student performance profiles.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Psychometric Evaluation of the Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test (NNAT-I) in Turkish Middle School Students Aged 10-14 Years.Journal of Intelligence · 2026Article
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3 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction: The Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence-2 (CTONI-2) assesses nonverbal intelligence from ages 6-90 with 6 subtests divided into a Pictorial composite and a Geometric composite. There was no previously validated Turkish version. The purpose of this study was to adapt the CTONI-2 for Turkish primary-school children aged 8-10 and to test its reliability and validity, while it was also applied to a small pilot sample of secondary-school children ( Methods: The participants of the adaptation study were 590 primary-school students in Turkey. Internal-structure evidence was examined using CFA, and convergent validity was examined through correlations with Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices. KR-20 and test-retest techniques were employed to assess reliability. All six subtests were then administered to the pilot secondary-school sample. Patterns of performance were explored using independent-samples t-tests, one-way ANOVAs, and Pearson correlations, with raw-score percentages used only for exploratory descriptive interpretation. Results: CFA results showed a unidimensional structure with CFI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.07 and CR = 0.78. KR-20 ranged from 0.79 to 0.94; test-retest from 0.81 to 0.96. The pilot application scores were between 64 and 72% of maximum score per subtest, with all means in the Average-to-Above-Average range. There were no significant differences between males and females. Grade 10 students performed better than Grade 11 students on Geometric Analogies ( Discussion: Given the small and unevenly distributed pilot sample, these findings should be interpreted cautiously. The results support the reliability and validity of the Turkish CTONI-2 in the primary-school adaptation sample and provide preliminary application evidence for secondary-school students.
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