Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42773093›Full record

ArticleAlzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association2026

Social engagement, formal education, and cognitive outcomes among older adults in India: A longitudinal population-based study.

Peiyao Zhu, Emma Nichols, Marco Angrisani, Alden L Gross, Jinkook Lee, Lindsay C Kobayashi

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In one paragraph

Article in Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

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No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Peiyao ZhuSchool of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Emma NicholsCenter for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Marco AngrisaniCenter for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Alden L GrossDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Jinkook LeeCenter for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Lindsay C KobayashiSchool of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Funding

Leveraging a natural experiment to estimate the causal impact of blood sugar on dementia and cognition in IndiaR01AG051125 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI Jinkook Lee · 2015 to 2026
$26.8M
The Longitudinal Aging Study in IndiaR01AG042778 · NIA · HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH · PI AROKIASAMY, PERIANAYAGAM, BLOOM, DAVID E · 2013 to 2019
$9.0M
Non-educational sources of later-life cognitive reserve and resilience among older adults with and without formal education in IndiaRF1AG087965 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI KOBAYASHI, LINDSAY C, LEE, JINKOOK · 2024 to 2024
$2.2M
National Institute on Aging (NIA) R01 AG051125National Institute on Aging (NIA) RF1 AG087965National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01 AG042778NIA NIH HHS R01 AG042778NIA NIH HHS R01 AG051125NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG087965
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionWe estimated the associations between baseline social engagement and cognitive function and change among older adults in India, overall and by education.

methodsData were from 3869 adults aged ≥ 60 years from the Longitudinal Aging Study in India-Diagnostic Assessment of Dementia Wave 1 (2017-2019) and Wave 2 (2022-2024). Baseline social engagement was measured using a 12-point index, dichotomized as higher (< 8) versus lower (≥ 8) engagement. General and domain-specific cognitive scores were derived at both waves. Multivariable-adjusted joint models accounted for mortality and evaluated effect modification by education.

resultsHigher baseline social engagement was associated with higher general cognitive scores at baseline (0.145 standard deviation units; 95% confidence interval: 0.076, 0.214), but not with cognitive change over time. Education attainment did not show a consistent pattern of effect modification across cognitive domains. DISCUSSION: Social engagement was associated with cognitive level at baseline but not the rate of cognitive change over time, with no consistent evidence of effect modification by education.

Indexed as

AgingCognitionEducational StatusSocial ParticipationAgedAged, 80 and overFemaleHumansIndiaLongitudinal StudiesMaleMiddle Agedcognitive domainscognitive functioneducationIndiasocial engagement

Identifiers

PMID42773093
PMCPMC13597469

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.