ArticlePloS one2026
Proteomic and lipidomic characterization of Hemipyrellia ligurriens larval extracts using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS: Identification of putative antimicrobial molecules and preliminary functional assessment.
Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Hemipyrellia ligurriens is a tropical blow fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) of medical and forensic importance; however, the molecular composition of its larvae remains poorly characterized. Here, we provide the first integrative proteomic and lipidomic dataset describing the molecular composition of H. ligurriens larvae and comparing whole-body extracts (WE) with excretory-secretory (ES) products. Label-free LC-MS/MS analysis identified 9,444 proteins in WE and 10,977 proteins in ES products, revealing 7,896 shared proteins together with 1,548 WE-specific and 3,081 ES-specific proteins. The proportion of ES-specific proteins was significantly higher than that of WE-specific proteins (P < 0.001), highlighting pronounced compartment-specific molecular diversity. Among proteins with molecular weights below 20 kDa, several putative antimicrobial peptides and immune-associated proteins were detected, including defensin-like, diptericin-like, and attacin-like sequences, as well as lysozyme isoforms, serine proteases, and oxidative stress-related enzymes. Lipidomic profiling of WE by GC-MS identified 26 fatty acids, comprising both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Functional assays demonstrated selective but moderate antibacterial activity: WE inhibited Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, whereas ES products inhibited only B. subtilis (MIC > 400 μg/ml), and no antifungal activity was detected under the tested conditions. Cytocompatibility assays in HaCaT keratinocytes showed no cytotoxic effects of WE across tested concentrations and increased MTT-based metabolic activity after 24 h exposure, whereas ES products slightly reduced cell viability at the highest concentration tested (100 μg/ml). These findings support compartment-specific molecular organization between larval tissues and secretions, expand the molecular resources available for tropical calliphorid flies, and provide a foundation for future purification, functional validation, and biomedical investigations.
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