ArticleApplied psychophysiology and biofeedback2026
Acute Psychophysiological Effects Of 4-7-8 And Nadi Shodhana Breathing: A Randomized Crossover Study.
Article in Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Grounded in the Neurovisceral Integration Model (NVIM), this study examines the acute effects of two respiratory architectures-4-7-8 (exhalation-focused) and Nadi Shodhana (alternate-nostril breathing)-on stress, affect, and cardiac autonomic regulation in university students. This analyst-blinded, randomized crossover study included 34 participants (19 male, 15 female) who completed three 10-min conditions (4-7-8, Nadi Shodhana, and resting breathing) in a counterbalanced order (with a 1-week washout period between conditions). Subjective outcomes were assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Heart rate variability (HRV) was recorded via Polar H10 (1000 Hz) and analyzed using Kubios with artifact correction. HRV parameters (SDNN, RMSSD, LF/HF) were evaluated using 3 × 2 mixed-design ANOVAs with Bonferroni correction. Significant condition × sex interactions were observed for subjective outcomes. The 4-7-8 technique was associated with reduced stress and negative affect in women, whereas Nadi Shodhana showed greater reductions in men. No significant main effects of condition were observed for conventional HRV indices. However, a significant main effect of sex was found for RMSSD (F(1, 33) = 10.19, p < 0.01, η
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