ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Extracellular vesicle-based therapies in IBD: immunomodulation, regeneration, and translation.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is sustained by dysregulated mucosal immune activation, maladaptive immune-cell crosstalk, epithelial barrier failure, and impaired tissue repair. This narrative review critically evaluates unmodified native mammalian EVs, donor-conditioned EVs, milk-derived EVs, post-isolation engineered EV products, and plant-derived EV-like nanoparticles (PELNs) as candidate immunomodulatory and mucosal-repair platforms. The evidence is dominated by chemically induced rodent colitis, particularly acute mucosal injury models; controlled efficacy data in patients with luminal ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease are not available, and the small uncontrolled perianal-fistula study provides only preliminary local safety and feasibility observations. Reported outcomes include changes in inflammatory myeloid states, tolerance-associated dendritic-cell states, Treg/Th17 balance, epithelial protection, barrier restoration, tissue repair, and, for a narrower subset of preparations, stem/progenitor-associated regeneration. Mechanistic intervention studies include dendritic-cell AMPK dependence for broccoli-derived nanoparticles and PD-1/PHB1-related activity for engineered PD-L1/miR-27a-3p EVs, whereas many macrophage, microbiota, barrier, and cargo-delivery claims remain associative or preparation-specific. Engineering may improve exposure, target-cell engagement, cargo control, or receptor signaling, but each proposed advantage requires direct comparison with an appropriate unmodified or clinically relevant comparator and introduces additional manufacturing and safety requirements. We therefore separate product identity, disease-relevant regional or systemic exposure, target-cell engagement, functional intracellular cargo delivery, surface-receptor signaling, pharmacodynamic response, and repair outcomes. Translation will require reproducible dose metrics, mechanism-linked validation, validated lot-release potency assays, chronic repeat-dose safety, and phenotype-relevant human models.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.