Mild-condition green synthesis of manganese nanoparticles for next-generation broad-spectrum antibacterial applications.

Environmentally benign fabrication of metal nanoparticles has gained considerable attention as a substitute for traditional physical and chemical synthesis methods due to its operational simplicity, low production cost, reduced environmental impact, and compatibility with biomedical applications. In this work, manganese nanoparticles (Mn NPs) were produced through a plant-mediated approach in which the plant extract functioned simultaneously as a reducing and capping agent. The synthesis was carried out under gentle reaction conditions without relying on hazardous reagents or energy-intensive procedures, emphasizing the green and sustainable character of the method. The resulting Mn NPs were thoroughly characterized using a range of analytical techniques that verified their successful formation, nanoscale dimensions, homogeneous morphology, and satisfactory colloidal stability. Their antibacterial performance was subsequently evaluated against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. The Mn NPs demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity by generating distinct inhibition zones against all tested bacteria. Among the bacterial isolates,