ReviewAmerican journal of translational research2026
Research advances in the translational application of anti-VEGF combined with subthreshold micropulse laser therapy for refractory diabetic macular edema.
Review in American journal of translational research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a leading cause of visual decline in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR). While intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents have become the first-line treatment, some patients fail to achieve complete resolution or experience recurrent fluid accumulation despite ongoing treatment regimens. This therapeutic resistance defines the difficult entity known as refractory DME, which remains a significant management dilemma in clinical practice. Subthreshold micropulse laser (SML) selectively targets retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, inducing heat shock protein (HSP) expression and modulating inflammatory cytokine release. It exerts a biomodulatory effect while avoiding the photocoagulation scars associated with conventional laser. Translational research on combining anti-VEGF therapy with SML has attracted increasing attention. This narrative review covers the disease characteristics and treatment dilemmas of refractory DME, the therapeutic mechanism of SML, clinical evidence for combination therapy, and related translational research. Future directions, including optimization of individualized treatment strategies and exploration of novel biomarkers, are also discussed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.