From facing fears to experimental frontiers: immersive cinematic virtual reality environments as a catalyst for innovation in behavioral neuroscience.

Virtual reality (VR) has gained traction in psychiatric research in exposure-based interventions for phobias, simulations of hallucinations in psychosis, and adaptations of cognitive-behavioral therapy. These applications demonstrate that emotionally immersive digital environments can meaningfully engage pathological processes in controlled settings. Yet VR's potential in psychiatry goes beyond providing new contexts for well-established therapeutic interventions. Here, we argue that while emotionally rich, interactive VR scenarios can be leveraged to radically improve translational experimental design in behavioral neuroscience, there are not yet clear conceptual frameworks for the incorporation of these elements. Traditional lab tasks with theoretical implications for therapeutic interventions often rely on abstract procedures that fail to capture the immersive, affective dynamics of real-world maladaptive behaviors. Here, we discuss how high-fidelity VR scenarios simulate complex emotional naturalistic contexts while retaining precise experimental control. We illustrate this drawing on our recent work using high-fidelity, game-engine-based VR scenarios and consider how these environments offer a scalable and accessible platform for large-sample studies, as VR hardware becomes more common in the household. We propose a set of dimensions called the Immersive Behavioral Translation Framework (IBTF) that suggest conceptual considerations for VR in neuroscientific research: (i) The controllability of immersive environments; (ii) features of immersive environments that bridge ecological validity gaps; and (iii) the relatability of these emotionally immersive experiments to clinical conditions in translational research. We illustrate this framework with reference to emerging findings in associative learning and threat sensitivity, while emphasizing the broader implications for rethinking how we study cognition, emotion, and psychopathology.