Observational studyTurk psikiyatri dergisi = Turkish journal of psychiatry2026
Prenatal Hormonal Markers in Neurodevelopment: The 2D:4D Digit Ratio in Children with Tic Disorders
Observational study in Turk psikiyatri dergisi = Turkish journal of psychiatry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveThis study investigates the association between tic disorders in children and adolescents and the 2D:4D digit ratio (the ratio of index to ring finger lengths), a widely recognized indirect marker of prenatal hormonal exposure. Given the higher prevalence of tic disorders among males, we assessed whether 2D:4D ratios are related to both the presence and severity of tic disorders.
methodsThis observational, cross-sectional study included 57 children and adolescents diagnosed with tic disorders according to DSM-5 criteria and 52 age and sex-matched healthy controls. The lengths of the second (2D) and fourth (4D) digits on both hands were measured using digital calipers, and 2D:4D ratios were calculated accordingly. Tic severity was evaluated using the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS). Statistical analyses included group comparisons, correlation analyses, and logistic regression models.
resultsThe tic disorder group exhibited significantly shorter absolute 2D and 4D finger lengths bilaterally compared to healthy controls. With respect to digit ratios, the right-hand 2D:4D ratio was significantly higher in the tic disorder group compared to controls (p <0.01), while no significant difference was observed for the left-hand 2D:4D ratio. No significant correlations were identified between rightor left-hand 2D:4D ratios and total or subscale scores of the YGTSS. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that an increase in the righthand 2D:4D ratio was inversely associated with the likelihood of a tic disorder diagnosis, whereas age and sex were not significant contributors to the model.
conclusionsThese findings reveal pronounced group differences in absolute finger lengths between children and adolescents with tic disorders and healthy controls; however, 2D:4D ratios were not directly associated with tic severity. The results suggest that the 2D:4D ratio may be more appropriately considered a supportive biological marker reflecting neurodevelopmental vulnerability, rather than a robust or specific clinical indicator for tic disorders.
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