ArticleBMC plant biology2026
Response of geranium to soil applications of Azolla and Moringa extracts: effects on growth, essential oil and physiological parameters.
Article in BMC plant biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundGeranium (Pelargonium graveolens L.) is an important aromatic plant valued for its essential oil; however, its cultivation in sandy soils is often constrained by poor fertility and limited water-holding capacity. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Azolla and Moringa extracts on growth, essential oil and physiological traits of geranium grown under sandy soil conditions.
methodsAzolla extract at concentrations of 50 and 75% and Moringa extract at 5 and 10% were supplied through irrigation water throughout the growing season, and the plants were harvested on two occasions. Data were statistically analyzed using 2 ways analysis of variance (ANOVA-2).
resultsObtained results demonstrated that both extracts enhanced morphological and physiological characteristics relative to the control treatment. Application of 10% Moringa extract produced the greatest improvement in all measured parameters compared with the untreated control: Plant height, branch number, and biomass (fresh and dry) increased by 2.5-2.6 fold, 2.1-2.3 fold and 2 -2.1 fold, respectively. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid increased by 1.7 fold, 2 fold and 1-1.3 fold, respectively. Essential oil content (%) and essential oil yield increased by 1.1-1.4 fold and 1.4-2.3 fold, respectively. Essential oil major components (citronellol, geraniol and α-gurjunene) and its major group (oxygenated monoterpene) increased by 2.4, 3.3, 2.7 and 2.3 fold, respectively. Phenols, flavonoids, inhibition of free radical, carbohydrate and crude protein increased by 1.5-1.6 fold, 1.6-1.9 fold, 1.7-1.8 fold, 2.3 fold and 1.5-1.8 fold, respectively. N, P and K content improved by 1.5-1.8 fold, 2.5 fold and 1.5-1.7 fold, respectively. N, P and K uptake increased by 3.1-3.6 fold, 5-25 folds and 2.9-3.3 fold, respectively.
conclusionOverall, the application of Azolla or Moringa extracts proved to be an effective and environmentally friendly strategy for improving geranium performance and essential oil production in sandy soils. These natural biostimulants offer a sustainable alternative to synthetic inputs and may support the commercial cultivation of geranium in newly reclaimed and desert lands.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.