ArticleNature human behaviour2026
Genome-wide analysis of social behaviour across social domains, reporters and developmental stages: a meta-regression approach.
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95 authors.
Lucía de HoyosLanguage and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7252-1591
Fenja SchlagLanguage and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4867-2530
Sanjeevan JahagirdarLanguage and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2213-4360
Elizabeth C CorfieldPsychGen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0119-157X
Andrea G AllegriniDepartment of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4048-4292
Danielle AdmiraalLanguage and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Eveline L de ZeeuwDepartment of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Ilja M NolteDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5047-4077
Natalia LlongaPsychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4325-6201
Alexander NeumannDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6653-3203
Katherine LangeMurdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
Simone van den BedemLanguage and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0009-3067-6419
Ebba Du RietzDepartment of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3427-0792
Ehsan MotazediDepartment of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Else EisingLanguage and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9819-1260
Nicole Y T NgLanguage and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0009-3763-5417
Teemu PalviainenInstitute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7847-8384
Carol A WangSchool of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4301-3974
Elisabeth ThieringInstitute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
Sofia ScatolinLanguage and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2382-5350
Priyanka ChoudharyResearch Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Natalia Vilor-TejedorBarcelonaBeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4935-6721
Zhijie LiaoCentre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2351-0022
Silvia AlemanyPsychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-6767
Casper-Emil T PedersenCopenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2540-5373
Nora Fernandez-JimenezDepartment of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6307-0880
Megan L CampbellDepartment of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Polina GirchenkoDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Eli BarthomeHuman Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3571, Institut Universitaire de France, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
L Caitlin MartinHuman Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3571, Institut Universitaire de France, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0007-0698-445X
Hanna SeelemeyerDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Afsheen KumarDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Alexandre JeanneDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Tarunveer S AhluwaliaCopenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7464-3354
Melissa H BlackDepartment of Community and Clinical Health, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0293-4053
Jan K BuitelaarKarakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8288-7757
Simon E FisherLanguage and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3132-1996
Anni HeiskalaResearch Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0009-2342-2488
María Hernández-LorcaCopenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0923-7173
Vincent W JaddoeThe Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2939-0041
Marjo-Riitta JärvelinResearch Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2149-0630
Sheri-Michelle KoopowitzDepartment of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Marilyn T LakeDepartment of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6056-2078
Paul LichtensteinDepartment of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3037-5287
Sabrina LlopEpidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.
Mannan LuoDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3923-2362
Anni MalmbergDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Sergi MaríDepartment of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2023-195X
Albertine J OldehinkelInterdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3925-3913
Zdenka PausovaDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Craig E PennellSchool of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0937-6165
Robert PlominSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0756-3629
Ted Reichborn-KjennerudPsychGen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health, Oslo, Norway.
Sheena ReillyDepartment of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
Alina RodriguezAnglia Ruskin University, School of Allied Health, Chelmsford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1209-8802
Thomas RollandHuman Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3571, Institut Universitaire de France, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
Angelica RonaldSchool of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9576-2176
Katri RäikkönenDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Jean ShinCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
María Soler ArtigasPsychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3213-1107
Ashley E TateDepartment of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Henning TiemeierDepartment of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4395-1397
Ellen VerhoefLanguage and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8315-1095
Eero VuoksimaaInstitute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Melissa WakeMurdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7501-9257
Varun WarrierDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4532-8571
Eivind YstromPsychGen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4390-6171
Sven BölteCenter of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4579-4970
Christine EckerDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Thomas BourgeronHuman Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3571, Institut Universitaire de France, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
Jari LahtiDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4310-5297
Dan J SteinSAMRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7218-7810
Jose Ramon BilbaoDepartment of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3176-501X
Klaus BønnelykkeCopenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2003-1018
Mariona BustamanteInstitute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0127-2860
Tomas PausDepartments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Christel M MiddeldorpDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development research Institute, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6218-0428
Jordi SunyerHospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2602-4110
Sylvain SebertResearch Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6681-6983
Marie StandlInstitute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
Andrew J O WhitehouseThe Kids Research Institute Australia, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
Jaakko KaprioInstitute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3716-2455
J Antoni Ramos-QuirogaPsychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1622-0350
Marta RibasesPsychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1039-1116
Miguel CasasDepartment of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.
Rosa BoschBiomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7596-183X
Angela T MorganMurdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1147-7405
Tanja G M VrijkotteDepartment of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3641-4048
Henrik LarssonDepartment of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6851-3297
Charlotte A M CecilDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2389-5922
Catharina A HartmanInterdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8094-8859
Dorret I BoomsmaComplex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7099-7972
Kaili RimfeldSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5139-065X
Alexandra HavdahlPsychGen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9268-0423
Beate St PourcainLanguage and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. beate.stpourcain@mpi.nl.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4680-3517
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Social behaviour is a heritable trait linked to well-being and mental health, yet it varies across social context, including social domains, informants and development, which may shape its underlying genomic architecture. Here, we conducted a genome-wide meta-regression meta-analysis of social behaviour from infancy to early adulthood, studying ~500,000 repeated measures in European-ancestry cohorts (N = 73,321). We modelled heterogeneity in single-variant associations across social domains (low prosocial behaviour and peer/social difficulties), multiple informants (parents, teachers and self-reports) and ages (2-29 years), identifying 6 associated loci, including variation within CADM2 (P = 2.51 × 10
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