Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42767684›Full record

GuidelineCMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne2026

Reducing distress during vaccine injections: 2026 clinical practice guideline update.

Anna Taddio, Vibhuti Shah, C Meghan McMurtry, Eddy Lang, Noni E MacDonald, Elissa M Abrams, Shaindy Alexander, Lucie M Bucci, Jeannette Comeau, Jocelyn Marcelo Cortes and 18 more

Abstract readPractice Guideline
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Guideline in CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

28 authors.

Anna TaddioLeslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Taddio), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Taddio); Department of Pediatrics (Shah), Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Shah), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (McMurtry), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; Pediatric Chronic Pain Program (McMurtry), McMaster Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesia (McMurtry), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Children's Health Research Institute (McMurtry); Department of Paediatrics (McMurtry), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (MacDonald), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Section of Allergy (Abrams), Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; National Advisory Committee on Immunization (Abrams, Jensen), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Child Life Services (Alexander), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Bucci-Hepworth Health Services Inc. (Bucci), Pincourt, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Comeau), Dalhousie University; Infection Prevention and Control (Comeau), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS; Ontario Ministry of Health (Cortes), Toronto, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Cranch), Vancouver, BC; patient partner (Gallinger, Girouard), Ont.; Foundation in Travel Medicine (Glasgow) (Golightly), GHTI, Calgary, Alta.; MAL-Health Care (Guenther), First Nations Health Authority, BC; Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), and Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology (Halperin), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Guideline Development and Research (Howitt), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.; Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team (Kolker); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kolker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; First Nations Health Authority (Kryschuk), BC; St. Michael's Hospital (Minhas), Unity Health Toronto; Division of Developmental Pediatrics (Minhas), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Noel), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychology (Pillai Riddell), York University; Women's College Hospital (Probst), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medicine (Rieder), Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Ross), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Siamaki), Vancouver, BC; EM Uleryk Consulting (Uleryk), Mississauga, Ont. anna.taddio@utoronto.ca.
Vibhuti ShahLeslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Taddio), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Taddio); Department of Pediatrics (Shah), Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Shah), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (McMurtry), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; Pediatric Chronic Pain Program (McMurtry), McMaster Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesia (McMurtry), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Children's Health Research Institute (McMurtry); Department of Paediatrics (McMurtry), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (MacDonald), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Section of Allergy (Abrams), Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; National Advisory Committee on Immunization (Abrams, Jensen), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Child Life Services (Alexander), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Bucci-Hepworth Health Services Inc. (Bucci), Pincourt, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Comeau), Dalhousie University; Infection Prevention and Control (Comeau), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS; Ontario Ministry of Health (Cortes), Toronto, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Cranch), Vancouver, BC; patient partner (Gallinger, Girouard), Ont.; Foundation in Travel Medicine (Glasgow) (Golightly), GHTI, Calgary, Alta.; MAL-Health Care (Guenther), First Nations Health Authority, BC; Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), and Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology (Halperin), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Guideline Development and Research (Howitt), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.; Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team (Kolker); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kolker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; First Nations Health Authority (Kryschuk), BC; St. Michael's Hospital (Minhas), Unity Health Toronto; Division of Developmental Pediatrics (Minhas), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Noel), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychology (Pillai Riddell), York University; Women's College Hospital (Probst), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medicine (Rieder), Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Ross), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Siamaki), Vancouver, BC; EM Uleryk Consulting (Uleryk), Mississauga, Ont.
C Meghan McMurtryLeslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Taddio), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Taddio); Department of Pediatrics (Shah), Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Shah), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (McMurtry), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; Pediatric Chronic Pain Program (McMurtry), McMaster Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesia (McMurtry), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Children's Health Research Institute (McMurtry); Department of Paediatrics (McMurtry), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (MacDonald), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Section of Allergy (Abrams), Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; National Advisory Committee on Immunization (Abrams, Jensen), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Child Life Services (Alexander), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Bucci-Hepworth Health Services Inc. (Bucci), Pincourt, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Comeau), Dalhousie University; Infection Prevention and Control (Comeau), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS; Ontario Ministry of Health (Cortes), Toronto, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Cranch), Vancouver, BC; patient partner (Gallinger, Girouard), Ont.; Foundation in Travel Medicine (Glasgow) (Golightly), GHTI, Calgary, Alta.; MAL-Health Care (Guenther), First Nations Health Authority, BC; Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), and Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology (Halperin), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Guideline Development and Research (Howitt), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.; Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team (Kolker); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kolker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; First Nations Health Authority (Kryschuk), BC; St. Michael's Hospital (Minhas), Unity Health Toronto; Division of Developmental Pediatrics (Minhas), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Noel), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychology (Pillai Riddell), York University; Women's College Hospital (Probst), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medicine (Rieder), Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Ross), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Siamaki), Vancouver, BC; EM Uleryk Consulting (Uleryk), Mississauga, Ont.
Eddy LangLeslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Taddio), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Taddio); Department of Pediatrics (Shah), Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Shah), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (McMurtry), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; Pediatric Chronic Pain Program (McMurtry), McMaster Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesia (McMurtry), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Children's Health Research Institute (McMurtry); Department of Paediatrics (McMurtry), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (MacDonald), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Section of Allergy (Abrams), Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; National Advisory Committee on Immunization (Abrams, Jensen), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Child Life Services (Alexander), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Bucci-Hepworth Health Services Inc. (Bucci), Pincourt, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Comeau), Dalhousie University; Infection Prevention and Control (Comeau), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS; Ontario Ministry of Health (Cortes), Toronto, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Cranch), Vancouver, BC; patient partner (Gallinger, Girouard), Ont.; Foundation in Travel Medicine (Glasgow) (Golightly), GHTI, Calgary, Alta.; MAL-Health Care (Guenther), First Nations Health Authority, BC; Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), and Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology (Halperin), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Guideline Development and Research (Howitt), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.; Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team (Kolker); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kolker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; First Nations Health Authority (Kryschuk), BC; St. Michael's Hospital (Minhas), Unity Health Toronto; Division of Developmental Pediatrics (Minhas), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Noel), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychology (Pillai Riddell), York University; Women's College Hospital (Probst), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medicine (Rieder), Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Ross), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Siamaki), Vancouver, BC; EM Uleryk Consulting (Uleryk), Mississauga, Ont.
Noni E MacDonaldLeslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Taddio), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Taddio); Department of Pediatrics (Shah), Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Shah), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (McMurtry), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; Pediatric Chronic Pain Program (McMurtry), McMaster Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesia (McMurtry), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Children's Health Research Institute (McMurtry); Department of Paediatrics (McMurtry), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (MacDonald), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Section of Allergy (Abrams), Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; National Advisory Committee on Immunization (Abrams, Jensen), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Child Life Services (Alexander), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Bucci-Hepworth Health Services Inc. (Bucci), Pincourt, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Comeau), Dalhousie University; Infection Prevention and Control (Comeau), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS; Ontario Ministry of Health (Cortes), Toronto, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Cranch), Vancouver, BC; patient partner (Gallinger, Girouard), Ont.; Foundation in Travel Medicine (Glasgow) (Golightly), GHTI, Calgary, Alta.; MAL-Health Care (Guenther), First Nations Health Authority, BC; Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), and Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology (Halperin), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Guideline Development and Research (Howitt), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.; Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team (Kolker); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kolker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; First Nations Health Authority (Kryschuk), BC; St. Michael's Hospital (Minhas), Unity Health Toronto; Division of Developmental Pediatrics (Minhas), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Noel), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychology (Pillai Riddell), York University; Women's College Hospital (Probst), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medicine (Rieder), Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Ross), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Siamaki), Vancouver, BC; EM Uleryk Consulting (Uleryk), Mississauga, Ont.
Elissa M AbramsLeslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Taddio), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Taddio); Department of Pediatrics (Shah), Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Shah), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (McMurtry), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; Pediatric Chronic Pain Program (McMurtry), McMaster Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesia (McMurtry), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Children's Health Research Institute (McMurtry); Department of Paediatrics (McMurtry), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (MacDonald), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Section of Allergy (Abrams), Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; National Advisory Committee on Immunization (Abrams, Jensen), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Child Life Services (Alexander), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Bucci-Hepworth Health Services Inc. (Bucci), Pincourt, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Comeau), Dalhousie University; Infection Prevention and Control (Comeau), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS; Ontario Ministry of Health (Cortes), Toronto, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Cranch), Vancouver, BC; patient partner (Gallinger, Girouard), Ont.; Foundation in Travel Medicine (Glasgow) (Golightly), GHTI, Calgary, Alta.; MAL-Health Care (Guenther), First Nations Health Authority, BC; Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), and Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology (Halperin), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Guideline Development and Research (Howitt), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.; Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team (Kolker); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kolker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; First Nations Health Authority (Kryschuk), BC; St. Michael's Hospital (Minhas), Unity Health Toronto; Division of Developmental Pediatrics (Minhas), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Noel), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychology (Pillai Riddell), York University; Women's College Hospital (Probst), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medicine (Rieder), Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Ross), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Siamaki), Vancouver, BC; EM Uleryk Consulting (Uleryk), Mississauga, Ont.
Shaindy AlexanderLeslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Taddio), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Taddio); Department of Pediatrics (Shah), Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Shah), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (McMurtry), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; Pediatric Chronic Pain Program (McMurtry), McMaster Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesia (McMurtry), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Children's Health Research Institute (McMurtry); Department of Paediatrics (McMurtry), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (MacDonald), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Section of Allergy (Abrams), Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; National Advisory Committee on Immunization (Abrams, Jensen), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Child Life Services (Alexander), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Bucci-Hepworth Health Services Inc. (Bucci), Pincourt, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Comeau), Dalhousie University; Infection Prevention and Control (Comeau), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS; Ontario Ministry of Health (Cortes), Toronto, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Cranch), Vancouver, BC; patient partner (Gallinger, Girouard), Ont.; Foundation in Travel Medicine (Glasgow) (Golightly), GHTI, Calgary, Alta.; MAL-Health Care (Guenther), First Nations Health Authority, BC; Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), and Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology (Halperin), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Guideline Development and Research (Howitt), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.; Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team (Kolker); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kolker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; First Nations Health Authority (Kryschuk), BC; St. Michael's Hospital (Minhas), Unity Health Toronto; Division of Developmental Pediatrics (Minhas), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Noel), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychology (Pillai Riddell), York University; Women's College Hospital (Probst), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medicine (Rieder), Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Ross), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Siamaki), Vancouver, BC; EM Uleryk Consulting (Uleryk), Mississauga, Ont.
Lucie M BucciLeslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Taddio), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Taddio); Department of Pediatrics (Shah), Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Shah), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (McMurtry), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; Pediatric Chronic Pain Program (McMurtry), McMaster Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesia (McMurtry), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Children's Health Research Institute (McMurtry); Department of Paediatrics (McMurtry), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (MacDonald), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Section of Allergy (Abrams), Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; National Advisory Committee on Immunization (Abrams, Jensen), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Child Life Services (Alexander), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Bucci-Hepworth Health Services Inc. (Bucci), Pincourt, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Comeau), Dalhousie University; Infection Prevention and Control (Comeau), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS; Ontario Ministry of Health (Cortes), Toronto, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Cranch), Vancouver, BC; patient partner (Gallinger, Girouard), Ont.; Foundation in Travel Medicine (Glasgow) (Golightly), GHTI, Calgary, Alta.; MAL-Health Care (Guenther), First Nations Health Authority, BC; Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), and Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology (Halperin), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Guideline Development and Research (Howitt), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.; Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team (Kolker); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kolker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; First Nations Health Authority (Kryschuk), BC; St. Michael's Hospital (Minhas), Unity Health Toronto; Division of Developmental Pediatrics (Minhas), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Noel), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychology (Pillai Riddell), York University; Women's College Hospital (Probst), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medicine (Rieder), Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Ross), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Siamaki), Vancouver, BC; EM Uleryk Consulting (Uleryk), Mississauga, Ont.
Jeannette ComeauLeslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Taddio), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Taddio); Department of Pediatrics (Shah), Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Shah), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (McMurtry), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; Pediatric Chronic Pain Program (McMurtry), McMaster Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesia (McMurtry), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Children's Health Research Institute (McMurtry); Department of Paediatrics (McMurtry), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (MacDonald), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Section of Allergy (Abrams), Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; National Advisory Committee on Immunization (Abrams, Jensen), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Child Life Services (Alexander), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Bucci-Hepworth Health Services Inc. (Bucci), Pincourt, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Comeau), Dalhousie University; Infection Prevention and Control (Comeau), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS; Ontario Ministry of Health (Cortes), Toronto, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Cranch), Vancouver, BC; patient partner (Gallinger, Girouard), Ont.; Foundation in Travel Medicine (Glasgow) (Golightly), GHTI, Calgary, Alta.; MAL-Health Care (Guenther), First Nations Health Authority, BC; Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), and Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology (Halperin), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Guideline Development and Research (Howitt), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.; Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team (Kolker); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kolker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; First Nations Health Authority (Kryschuk), BC; St. Michael's Hospital (Minhas), Unity Health Toronto; Division of Developmental Pediatrics (Minhas), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Noel), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychology (Pillai Riddell), York University; Women's College Hospital (Probst), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medicine (Rieder), Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Ross), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Siamaki), Vancouver, BC; EM Uleryk Consulting (Uleryk), Mississauga, Ont.
Jocelyn Marcelo CortesLeslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Taddio), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Taddio); Department of Pediatrics (Shah), Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Shah), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (McMurtry), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; Pediatric Chronic Pain Program (McMurtry), McMaster Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesia (McMurtry), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Children's Health Research Institute (McMurtry); Department of Paediatrics (McMurtry), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (MacDonald), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Section of Allergy (Abrams), Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; National Advisory Committee on Immunization (Abrams, Jensen), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Child Life Services (Alexander), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Bucci-Hepworth Health Services Inc. (Bucci), Pincourt, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Comeau), Dalhousie University; Infection Prevention and Control (Comeau), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS; Ontario Ministry of Health (Cortes), Toronto, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Cranch), Vancouver, BC; patient partner (Gallinger, Girouard), Ont.; Foundation in Travel Medicine (Glasgow) (Golightly), GHTI, Calgary, Alta.; MAL-Health Care (Guenther), First Nations Health Authority, BC; Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), and Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology (Halperin), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Guideline Development and Research (Howitt), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.; Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team (Kolker); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kolker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; First Nations Health Authority (Kryschuk), BC; St. Michael's Hospital (Minhas), Unity Health Toronto; Division of Developmental Pediatrics (Minhas), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Noel), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychology (Pillai Riddell), York University; Women's College Hospital (Probst), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medicine (Rieder), Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Ross), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Siamaki), Vancouver, BC; EM Uleryk Consulting (Uleryk), Mississauga, Ont.
Julene CranchLeslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Taddio), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Taddio); Department of Pediatrics (Shah), Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Shah), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (McMurtry), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; Pediatric Chronic Pain Program (McMurtry), McMaster Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesia (McMurtry), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Children's Health Research Institute (McMurtry); Department of Paediatrics (McMurtry), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (MacDonald), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Section of Allergy (Abrams), Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; National Advisory Committee on Immunization (Abrams, Jensen), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Child Life Services (Alexander), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Bucci-Hepworth Health Services Inc. (Bucci), Pincourt, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Comeau), Dalhousie University; Infection Prevention and Control (Comeau), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS; Ontario Ministry of Health (Cortes), Toronto, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Cranch), Vancouver, BC; patient partner (Gallinger, Girouard), Ont.; Foundation in Travel Medicine (Glasgow) (Golightly), GHTI, Calgary, Alta.; MAL-Health Care (Guenther), First Nations Health Authority, BC; Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), and Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology (Halperin), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Guideline Development and Research (Howitt), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.; Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team (Kolker); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kolker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; First Nations Health Authority (Kryschuk), BC; St. Michael's Hospital (Minhas), Unity Health Toronto; Division of Developmental Pediatrics (Minhas), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Noel), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychology (Pillai Riddell), York University; Women's College Hospital (Probst), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medicine (Rieder), Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Ross), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Siamaki), Vancouver, BC; EM Uleryk Consulting (Uleryk), Mississauga, Ont.
Lauralee GallingerLeslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Taddio), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Taddio); Department of Pediatrics (Shah), Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Shah), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (McMurtry), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; Pediatric Chronic Pain Program (McMurtry), McMaster Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesia (McMurtry), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Children's Health Research Institute (McMurtry); Department of Paediatrics (McMurtry), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (MacDonald), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Section of Allergy (Abrams), Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; National Advisory Committee on Immunization (Abrams, Jensen), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Child Life Services (Alexander), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Bucci-Hepworth Health Services Inc. (Bucci), Pincourt, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Comeau), Dalhousie University; Infection Prevention and Control (Comeau), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS; Ontario Ministry of Health (Cortes), Toronto, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Cranch), Vancouver, BC; patient partner (Gallinger, Girouard), Ont.; Foundation in Travel Medicine (Glasgow) (Golightly), GHTI, Calgary, Alta.; MAL-Health Care (Guenther), First Nations Health Authority, BC; Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), and Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology (Halperin), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Guideline Development and Research (Howitt), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.; Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team (Kolker); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kolker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; First Nations Health Authority (Kryschuk), BC; St. Michael's Hospital (Minhas), Unity Health Toronto; Division of Developmental Pediatrics (Minhas), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Noel), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychology (Pillai Riddell), York University; Women's College Hospital (Probst), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medicine (Rieder), Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Ross), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Siamaki), Vancouver, BC; EM Uleryk Consulting (Uleryk), Mississauga, Ont.
Stéphane GirouardLeslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Taddio), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Taddio); Department of Pediatrics (Shah), Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Shah), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (McMurtry), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; Pediatric Chronic Pain Program (McMurtry), McMaster Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesia (McMurtry), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Children's Health Research Institute (McMurtry); Department of Paediatrics (McMurtry), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (MacDonald), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Section of Allergy (Abrams), Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; National Advisory Committee on Immunization (Abrams, Jensen), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Child Life Services (Alexander), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Bucci-Hepworth Health Services Inc. (Bucci), Pincourt, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Comeau), Dalhousie University; Infection Prevention and Control (Comeau), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS; Ontario Ministry of Health (Cortes), Toronto, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Cranch), Vancouver, BC; patient partner (Gallinger, Girouard), Ont.; Foundation in Travel Medicine (Glasgow) (Golightly), GHTI, Calgary, Alta.; MAL-Health Care (Guenther), First Nations Health Authority, BC; Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), and Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology (Halperin), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Guideline Development and Research (Howitt), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.; Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team (Kolker); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kolker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; First Nations Health Authority (Kryschuk), BC; St. Michael's Hospital (Minhas), Unity Health Toronto; Division of Developmental Pediatrics (Minhas), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Noel), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychology (Pillai Riddell), York University; Women's College Hospital (Probst), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medicine (Rieder), Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Ross), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Siamaki), Vancouver, BC; EM Uleryk Consulting (Uleryk), Mississauga, Ont.
Betty GolightlyLeslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Taddio), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Taddio); Department of Pediatrics (Shah), Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Shah), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (McMurtry), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; Pediatric Chronic Pain Program (McMurtry), McMaster Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesia (McMurtry), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Children's Health Research Institute (McMurtry); Department of Paediatrics (McMurtry), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (MacDonald), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Section of Allergy (Abrams), Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; National Advisory Committee on Immunization (Abrams, Jensen), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Child Life Services (Alexander), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Bucci-Hepworth Health Services Inc. (Bucci), Pincourt, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Comeau), Dalhousie University; Infection Prevention and Control (Comeau), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS; Ontario Ministry of Health (Cortes), Toronto, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Cranch), Vancouver, BC; patient partner (Gallinger, Girouard), Ont.; Foundation in Travel Medicine (Glasgow) (Golightly), GHTI, Calgary, Alta.; MAL-Health Care (Guenther), First Nations Health Authority, BC; Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), and Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology (Halperin), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Guideline Development and Research (Howitt), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.; Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team (Kolker); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kolker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; First Nations Health Authority (Kryschuk), BC; St. Michael's Hospital (Minhas), Unity Health Toronto; Division of Developmental Pediatrics (Minhas), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Noel), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychology (Pillai Riddell), York University; Women's College Hospital (Probst), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medicine (Rieder), Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Ross), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Siamaki), Vancouver, BC; EM Uleryk Consulting (Uleryk), Mississauga, Ont.
Marion GuentherLeslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Taddio), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Taddio); Department of Pediatrics (Shah), Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Shah), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (McMurtry), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; Pediatric Chronic Pain Program (McMurtry), McMaster Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesia (McMurtry), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Children's Health Research Institute (McMurtry); Department of Paediatrics (McMurtry), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (MacDonald), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Section of Allergy (Abrams), Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; National Advisory Committee on Immunization (Abrams, Jensen), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Child Life Services (Alexander), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Bucci-Hepworth Health Services Inc. (Bucci), Pincourt, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Comeau), Dalhousie University; Infection Prevention and Control (Comeau), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS; Ontario Ministry of Health (Cortes), Toronto, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Cranch), Vancouver, BC; patient partner (Gallinger, Girouard), Ont.; Foundation in Travel Medicine (Glasgow) (Golightly), GHTI, Calgary, Alta.; MAL-Health Care (Guenther), First Nations Health Authority, BC; Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), and Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology (Halperin), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Guideline Development and Research (Howitt), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.; Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team (Kolker); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kolker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; First Nations Health Authority (Kryschuk), BC; St. Michael's Hospital (Minhas), Unity Health Toronto; Division of Developmental Pediatrics (Minhas), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Noel), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychology (Pillai Riddell), York University; Women's College Hospital (Probst), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medicine (Rieder), Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Ross), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Siamaki), Vancouver, BC; EM Uleryk Consulting (Uleryk), Mississauga, Ont.
Scott A HalperinLeslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Taddio), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Taddio); Department of Pediatrics (Shah), Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Shah), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (McMurtry), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; Pediatric Chronic Pain Program (McMurtry), McMaster Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesia (McMurtry), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Children's Health Research Institute (McMurtry); Department of Paediatrics (McMurtry), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (MacDonald), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Section of Allergy (Abrams), Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; National Advisory Committee on Immunization (Abrams, Jensen), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Child Life Services (Alexander), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Bucci-Hepworth Health Services Inc. (Bucci), Pincourt, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Comeau), Dalhousie University; Infection Prevention and Control (Comeau), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS; Ontario Ministry of Health (Cortes), Toronto, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Cranch), Vancouver, BC; patient partner (Gallinger, Girouard), Ont.; Foundation in Travel Medicine (Glasgow) (Golightly), GHTI, Calgary, Alta.; MAL-Health Care (Guenther), First Nations Health Authority, BC; Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), and Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology (Halperin), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Guideline Development and Research (Howitt), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.; Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team (Kolker); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kolker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; First Nations Health Authority (Kryschuk), BC; St. Michael's Hospital (Minhas), Unity Health Toronto; Division of Developmental Pediatrics (Minhas), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Noel), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychology (Pillai Riddell), York University; Women's College Hospital (Probst), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medicine (Rieder), Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Ross), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Siamaki), Vancouver, BC; EM Uleryk Consulting (Uleryk), Mississauga, Ont.
Lyndsay HowittLeslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Taddio), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Taddio); Department of Pediatrics (Shah), Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Shah), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (McMurtry), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; Pediatric Chronic Pain Program (McMurtry), McMaster Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesia (McMurtry), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Children's Health Research Institute (McMurtry); Department of Paediatrics (McMurtry), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (MacDonald), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Section of Allergy (Abrams), Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; National Advisory Committee on Immunization (Abrams, Jensen), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Child Life Services (Alexander), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Bucci-Hepworth Health Services Inc. (Bucci), Pincourt, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Comeau), Dalhousie University; Infection Prevention and Control (Comeau), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS; Ontario Ministry of Health (Cortes), Toronto, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Cranch), Vancouver, BC; patient partner (Gallinger, Girouard), Ont.; Foundation in Travel Medicine (Glasgow) (Golightly), GHTI, Calgary, Alta.; MAL-Health Care (Guenther), First Nations Health Authority, BC; Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), and Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology (Halperin), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Guideline Development and Research (Howitt), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.; Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team (Kolker); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kolker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; First Nations Health Authority (Kryschuk), BC; St. Michael's Hospital (Minhas), Unity Health Toronto; Division of Developmental Pediatrics (Minhas), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Noel), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychology (Pillai Riddell), York University; Women's College Hospital (Probst), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medicine (Rieder), Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Ross), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Siamaki), Vancouver, BC; EM Uleryk Consulting (Uleryk), Mississauga, Ont.
Christina JensenLeslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Taddio), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Taddio); Department of Pediatrics (Shah), Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Shah), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (McMurtry), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; Pediatric Chronic Pain Program (McMurtry), McMaster Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesia (McMurtry), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Children's Health Research Institute (McMurtry); Department of Paediatrics (McMurtry), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (MacDonald), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Section of Allergy (Abrams), Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; National Advisory Committee on Immunization (Abrams, Jensen), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Child Life Services (Alexander), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Bucci-Hepworth Health Services Inc. (Bucci), Pincourt, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Comeau), Dalhousie University; Infection Prevention and Control (Comeau), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS; Ontario Ministry of Health (Cortes), Toronto, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Cranch), Vancouver, BC; patient partner (Gallinger, Girouard), Ont.; Foundation in Travel Medicine (Glasgow) (Golightly), GHTI, Calgary, Alta.; MAL-Health Care (Guenther), First Nations Health Authority, BC; Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), and Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology (Halperin), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Guideline Development and Research (Howitt), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.; Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team (Kolker); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kolker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; First Nations Health Authority (Kryschuk), BC; St. Michael's Hospital (Minhas), Unity Health Toronto; Division of Developmental Pediatrics (Minhas), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Noel), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychology (Pillai Riddell), York University; Women's College Hospital (Probst), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medicine (Rieder), Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Ross), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Siamaki), Vancouver, BC; EM Uleryk Consulting (Uleryk), Mississauga, Ont.
Sabrina KolkerLeslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Taddio), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Taddio); Department of Pediatrics (Shah), Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Shah), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (McMurtry), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; Pediatric Chronic Pain Program (McMurtry), McMaster Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesia (McMurtry), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Children's Health Research Institute (McMurtry); Department of Paediatrics (McMurtry), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (MacDonald), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Section of Allergy (Abrams), Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; National Advisory Committee on Immunization (Abrams, Jensen), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Child Life Services (Alexander), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Bucci-Hepworth Health Services Inc. (Bucci), Pincourt, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Comeau), Dalhousie University; Infection Prevention and Control (Comeau), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS; Ontario Ministry of Health (Cortes), Toronto, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Cranch), Vancouver, BC; patient partner (Gallinger, Girouard), Ont.; Foundation in Travel Medicine (Glasgow) (Golightly), GHTI, Calgary, Alta.; MAL-Health Care (Guenther), First Nations Health Authority, BC; Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), and Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology (Halperin), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Guideline Development and Research (Howitt), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.; Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team (Kolker); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kolker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; First Nations Health Authority (Kryschuk), BC; St. Michael's Hospital (Minhas), Unity Health Toronto; Division of Developmental Pediatrics (Minhas), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Noel), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychology (Pillai Riddell), York University; Women's College Hospital (Probst), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medicine (Rieder), Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Ross), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Siamaki), Vancouver, BC; EM Uleryk Consulting (Uleryk), Mississauga, Ont.
Erin KryschukLeslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Taddio), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Taddio); Department of Pediatrics (Shah), Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Shah), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (McMurtry), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; Pediatric Chronic Pain Program (McMurtry), McMaster Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesia (McMurtry), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Children's Health Research Institute (McMurtry); Department of Paediatrics (McMurtry), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (MacDonald), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Section of Allergy (Abrams), Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; National Advisory Committee on Immunization (Abrams, Jensen), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Child Life Services (Alexander), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Bucci-Hepworth Health Services Inc. (Bucci), Pincourt, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Comeau), Dalhousie University; Infection Prevention and Control (Comeau), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS; Ontario Ministry of Health (Cortes), Toronto, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Cranch), Vancouver, BC; patient partner (Gallinger, Girouard), Ont.; Foundation in Travel Medicine (Glasgow) (Golightly), GHTI, Calgary, Alta.; MAL-Health Care (Guenther), First Nations Health Authority, BC; Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), and Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology (Halperin), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Guideline Development and Research (Howitt), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.; Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team (Kolker); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kolker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; First Nations Health Authority (Kryschuk), BC; St. Michael's Hospital (Minhas), Unity Health Toronto; Division of Developmental Pediatrics (Minhas), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Noel), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychology (Pillai Riddell), York University; Women's College Hospital (Probst), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medicine (Rieder), Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Ross), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Siamaki), Vancouver, BC; EM Uleryk Consulting (Uleryk), Mississauga, Ont.
Ripudaman MinhasLeslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Taddio), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Taddio); Department of Pediatrics (Shah), Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Shah), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (McMurtry), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; Pediatric Chronic Pain Program (McMurtry), McMaster Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesia (McMurtry), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Children's Health Research Institute (McMurtry); Department of Paediatrics (McMurtry), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (MacDonald), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Section of Allergy (Abrams), Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; National Advisory Committee on Immunization (Abrams, Jensen), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Child Life Services (Alexander), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Bucci-Hepworth Health Services Inc. (Bucci), Pincourt, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Comeau), Dalhousie University; Infection Prevention and Control (Comeau), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS; Ontario Ministry of Health (Cortes), Toronto, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Cranch), Vancouver, BC; patient partner (Gallinger, Girouard), Ont.; Foundation in Travel Medicine (Glasgow) (Golightly), GHTI, Calgary, Alta.; MAL-Health Care (Guenther), First Nations Health Authority, BC; Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), and Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology (Halperin), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Guideline Development and Research (Howitt), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.; Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team (Kolker); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kolker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; First Nations Health Authority (Kryschuk), BC; St. Michael's Hospital (Minhas), Unity Health Toronto; Division of Developmental Pediatrics (Minhas), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Noel), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychology (Pillai Riddell), York University; Women's College Hospital (Probst), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medicine (Rieder), Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Ross), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Siamaki), Vancouver, BC; EM Uleryk Consulting (Uleryk), Mississauga, Ont.
Melanie NoelLeslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Taddio), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Taddio); Department of Pediatrics (Shah), Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Shah), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (McMurtry), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; Pediatric Chronic Pain Program (McMurtry), McMaster Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesia (McMurtry), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Children's Health Research Institute (McMurtry); Department of Paediatrics (McMurtry), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (MacDonald), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Section of Allergy (Abrams), Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; National Advisory Committee on Immunization (Abrams, Jensen), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Child Life Services (Alexander), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Bucci-Hepworth Health Services Inc. (Bucci), Pincourt, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Comeau), Dalhousie University; Infection Prevention and Control (Comeau), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS; Ontario Ministry of Health (Cortes), Toronto, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Cranch), Vancouver, BC; patient partner (Gallinger, Girouard), Ont.; Foundation in Travel Medicine (Glasgow) (Golightly), GHTI, Calgary, Alta.; MAL-Health Care (Guenther), First Nations Health Authority, BC; Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), and Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology (Halperin), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Guideline Development and Research (Howitt), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.; Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team (Kolker); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kolker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; First Nations Health Authority (Kryschuk), BC; St. Michael's Hospital (Minhas), Unity Health Toronto; Division of Developmental Pediatrics (Minhas), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Noel), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychology (Pillai Riddell), York University; Women's College Hospital (Probst), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medicine (Rieder), Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Ross), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Siamaki), Vancouver, BC; EM Uleryk Consulting (Uleryk), Mississauga, Ont.
Rebecca Pillai RiddellLeslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Taddio), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Taddio); Department of Pediatrics (Shah), Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Shah), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (McMurtry), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; Pediatric Chronic Pain Program (McMurtry), McMaster Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesia (McMurtry), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Children's Health Research Institute (McMurtry); Department of Paediatrics (McMurtry), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (MacDonald), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Section of Allergy (Abrams), Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; National Advisory Committee on Immunization (Abrams, Jensen), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Child Life Services (Alexander), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Bucci-Hepworth Health Services Inc. (Bucci), Pincourt, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Comeau), Dalhousie University; Infection Prevention and Control (Comeau), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS; Ontario Ministry of Health (Cortes), Toronto, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Cranch), Vancouver, BC; patient partner (Gallinger, Girouard), Ont.; Foundation in Travel Medicine (Glasgow) (Golightly), GHTI, Calgary, Alta.; MAL-Health Care (Guenther), First Nations Health Authority, BC; Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), and Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology (Halperin), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Guideline Development and Research (Howitt), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.; Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team (Kolker); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kolker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; First Nations Health Authority (Kryschuk), BC; St. Michael's Hospital (Minhas), Unity Health Toronto; Division of Developmental Pediatrics (Minhas), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Noel), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychology (Pillai Riddell), York University; Women's College Hospital (Probst), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medicine (Rieder), Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Ross), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Siamaki), Vancouver, BC; EM Uleryk Consulting (Uleryk), Mississauga, Ont.
Janet ProbstLeslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Taddio), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Taddio); Department of Pediatrics (Shah), Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Shah), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (McMurtry), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; Pediatric Chronic Pain Program (McMurtry), McMaster Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesia (McMurtry), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Children's Health Research Institute (McMurtry); Department of Paediatrics (McMurtry), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (MacDonald), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Section of Allergy (Abrams), Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; National Advisory Committee on Immunization (Abrams, Jensen), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Child Life Services (Alexander), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Bucci-Hepworth Health Services Inc. (Bucci), Pincourt, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Comeau), Dalhousie University; Infection Prevention and Control (Comeau), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS; Ontario Ministry of Health (Cortes), Toronto, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Cranch), Vancouver, BC; patient partner (Gallinger, Girouard), Ont.; Foundation in Travel Medicine (Glasgow) (Golightly), GHTI, Calgary, Alta.; MAL-Health Care (Guenther), First Nations Health Authority, BC; Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), and Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology (Halperin), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Guideline Development and Research (Howitt), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.; Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team (Kolker); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kolker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; First Nations Health Authority (Kryschuk), BC; St. Michael's Hospital (Minhas), Unity Health Toronto; Division of Developmental Pediatrics (Minhas), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Noel), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychology (Pillai Riddell), York University; Women's College Hospital (Probst), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medicine (Rieder), Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Ross), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Siamaki), Vancouver, BC; EM Uleryk Consulting (Uleryk), Mississauga, Ont.
Michael J RiederLeslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Taddio), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Taddio); Department of Pediatrics (Shah), Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Shah), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (McMurtry), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; Pediatric Chronic Pain Program (McMurtry), McMaster Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesia (McMurtry), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Children's Health Research Institute (McMurtry); Department of Paediatrics (McMurtry), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (MacDonald), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Section of Allergy (Abrams), Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; National Advisory Committee on Immunization (Abrams, Jensen), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Child Life Services (Alexander), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Bucci-Hepworth Health Services Inc. (Bucci), Pincourt, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Comeau), Dalhousie University; Infection Prevention and Control (Comeau), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS; Ontario Ministry of Health (Cortes), Toronto, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Cranch), Vancouver, BC; patient partner (Gallinger, Girouard), Ont.; Foundation in Travel Medicine (Glasgow) (Golightly), GHTI, Calgary, Alta.; MAL-Health Care (Guenther), First Nations Health Authority, BC; Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), and Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology (Halperin), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Guideline Development and Research (Howitt), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.; Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team (Kolker); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kolker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; First Nations Health Authority (Kryschuk), BC; St. Michael's Hospital (Minhas), Unity Health Toronto; Division of Developmental Pediatrics (Minhas), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Noel), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychology (Pillai Riddell), York University; Women's College Hospital (Probst), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medicine (Rieder), Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Ross), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Siamaki), Vancouver, BC; EM Uleryk Consulting (Uleryk), Mississauga, Ont.
Kathleen RossLeslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Taddio), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Taddio); Department of Pediatrics (Shah), Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Shah), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (McMurtry), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; Pediatric Chronic Pain Program (McMurtry), McMaster Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesia (McMurtry), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Children's Health Research Institute (McMurtry); Department of Paediatrics (McMurtry), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (MacDonald), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Section of Allergy (Abrams), Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; National Advisory Committee on Immunization (Abrams, Jensen), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Child Life Services (Alexander), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Bucci-Hepworth Health Services Inc. (Bucci), Pincourt, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Comeau), Dalhousie University; Infection Prevention and Control (Comeau), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS; Ontario Ministry of Health (Cortes), Toronto, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Cranch), Vancouver, BC; patient partner (Gallinger, Girouard), Ont.; Foundation in Travel Medicine (Glasgow) (Golightly), GHTI, Calgary, Alta.; MAL-Health Care (Guenther), First Nations Health Authority, BC; Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), and Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology (Halperin), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Guideline Development and Research (Howitt), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.; Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team (Kolker); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kolker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; First Nations Health Authority (Kryschuk), BC; St. Michael's Hospital (Minhas), Unity Health Toronto; Division of Developmental Pediatrics (Minhas), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Noel), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychology (Pillai Riddell), York University; Women's College Hospital (Probst), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medicine (Rieder), Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Ross), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Siamaki), Vancouver, BC; EM Uleryk Consulting (Uleryk), Mississauga, Ont.
Sarah SiamakiLeslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Taddio), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Taddio); Department of Pediatrics (Shah), Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Shah), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (McMurtry), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; Pediatric Chronic Pain Program (McMurtry), McMaster Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesia (McMurtry), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Children's Health Research Institute (McMurtry); Department of Paediatrics (McMurtry), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (MacDonald), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Section of Allergy (Abrams), Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; National Advisory Committee on Immunization (Abrams, Jensen), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Child Life Services (Alexander), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Bucci-Hepworth Health Services Inc. (Bucci), Pincourt, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Comeau), Dalhousie University; Infection Prevention and Control (Comeau), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS; Ontario Ministry of Health (Cortes), Toronto, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Cranch), Vancouver, BC; patient partner (Gallinger, Girouard), Ont.; Foundation in Travel Medicine (Glasgow) (Golightly), GHTI, Calgary, Alta.; MAL-Health Care (Guenther), First Nations Health Authority, BC; Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), and Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology (Halperin), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Guideline Development and Research (Howitt), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.; Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team (Kolker); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kolker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; First Nations Health Authority (Kryschuk), BC; St. Michael's Hospital (Minhas), Unity Health Toronto; Division of Developmental Pediatrics (Minhas), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Noel), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychology (Pillai Riddell), York University; Women's College Hospital (Probst), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medicine (Rieder), Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Ross), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Siamaki), Vancouver, BC; EM Uleryk Consulting (Uleryk), Mississauga, Ont.
Elizabeth UlerykLeslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (Taddio), University of Toronto; The Hospital for Sick Children (Taddio); Department of Pediatrics (Shah), Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Shah), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (McMurtry), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; Pediatric Chronic Pain Program (McMurtry), McMaster Children's Hospital; Department of Anesthesia (McMurtry), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Children's Health Research Institute (McMurtry); Department of Paediatrics (McMurtry), Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (MacDonald), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Section of Allergy (Abrams), Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; National Advisory Committee on Immunization (Abrams, Jensen), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Child Life Services (Alexander), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont.; Bucci-Hepworth Health Services Inc. (Bucci), Pincourt, Que.; Department of Pediatrics (Comeau), Dalhousie University; Infection Prevention and Control (Comeau), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS; Ontario Ministry of Health (Cortes), Toronto, Ont.; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Cranch), Vancouver, BC; patient partner (Gallinger, Girouard), Ont.; Foundation in Travel Medicine (Glasgow) (Golightly), GHTI, Calgary, Alta.; MAL-Health Care (Guenther), First Nations Health Authority, BC; Canadian Center for Vaccinology (Halperin), and Departments of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology (Halperin), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Guideline Development and Research (Howitt), Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ont.; Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team (Kolker); Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kolker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; First Nations Health Authority (Kryschuk), BC; St. Michael's Hospital (Minhas), Unity Health Toronto; Division of Developmental Pediatrics (Minhas), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Noel), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Psychology (Pillai Riddell), York University; Women's College Hospital (Probst), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Paediatrics, Physiology and Pharmacology, and Medicine (Rieder), Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Ross), University of British Columbia; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (Siamaki), Vancouver, BC; EM Uleryk Consulting (Uleryk), Mississauga, Ont.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundDistress (pain, fear) is the most common adverse reaction associated with vaccination. This 2026 guideline updates the 2015 Help ELiminate Pain in Kids & Adults (HELPinKids&Adults) Collaborative recommendations for reducing vaccination-related distress.

methodsWe used the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to select the clinical questions and critical and important outcomes, and to determine the certainty of evidence and strength of the recommendations. We aligned guideline processes and reporting with the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II tool. The intended audience includes clinicians and organizations that deliver vaccinations, and vaccine recipients and their support persons. Guideline panel members representing different knowledge user groups, including vaccine recipients and support persons, voted on clinical questions and outcomes. We categorized interventions into 5 domains of distress management, the 5Ps: process (education and implementation), procedural (injection techniques), physical (body position and activity), pharmacologic (medication), and psychological (thoughts and behaviour). Five systematic reviews combined evidence from randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials identified using database (up to Jan. 31, 2025) and hand searching, supplemented by contacting experts. Evidence summaries were presented at a guideline meeting, and voting panel members drafted recommendations using the GRADE evidence-to-decision framework, considering certainty of the evidence, magnitude of effect, and contextual factors. We applied the Guidelines International Network principles to manage competing interests. RECOMMENDATIONS: In the 5Ps framework, process-related interventions apply to all user groups. Procedural recommendations are directed at clinicians and organizations responsible for delivering vaccinations. Physical, pharmacologic, and psychological recommendations are targeted at vaccine recipients and support persons and incorporate choice. We developed 16 recommendations across the 5Ps framework, directed to different user groups. Of these, 7 are strong recommendations in favour of interventions (e.g., multicomponent process interventions, oral nutritive and non-nutritive interventions for infants), primarily supported by moderate- to high-certainty evidence. The remaining 9 are conditional recommendations based on low to very low certainty of evidence: 4 in favour of specific interventions (e.g., reducing fear cues) and 5 advising against other interventions (e.g., video or movie distraction in infants).

interpretationThis guideline presents evidence-based strategies to manage vaccination-related distress. Implementing recommendations can improve the quality of vaccine delivery and promote person-centred care by aligning interventions with vaccine recipient and support person preferences.

Indexed as

InjectionsPainStress, PsychologicalVaccinationVaccinesFearHumansVaccines

Identifiers

PMID42767684
PMCPMC13597035

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.