ArticlePLOS global public health2026
Quantifying excess TB prevalence among people living with HIV on ART in the universal ART era: Evidence from a TB prevalence survey in Zambia and South Africa.
Article in PLOS global public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03739736 (Tuberculosis Reduction Through Expanded Anti-retroviral Therapy and Screening of Active TB Project), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Tuberculosis Reduction Through Expanded Anti-retroviral Therapy and Screening of Active TB Project
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Despite widespread antiretroviral therapy (ART) scale-up, tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among people living with HIV (PLHIV). While ART reduces TB incidence among PLHIV, its effect on TB prevalence remains less clear. We estimated the difference in TB prevalence between PLHIV on ART and their counterfactual HIV-negative state, quantifying their proportionate contribution to overall TB prevalence in high-HIV settings across Southern Africa. Using data from the 2019-2021 TREATS TB prevalence survey, a cross-sectional survey of adults aged ≥15 years in 21 communities in Zambia and South Africa (SA) (Western Cape province), we applied Rubin's "potential outcomes" framework and inverse probability of treatment weighting, with propensity scores estimated using logistic regression to control for measured confounding. We estimated the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) as the TB prevalence difference (PD) among PLHIV on ART compared to a counterfactual scenario where the same individuals were HIV-negative. Among 43,617 analysed, 6,612 (15.2%) were PLHIV on ART and 37,005 (84.8%) tested HIV-negative. After adjusting for confounding, PLHIV on ART had higher TB prevalence than the counterfactual HIV-negative scenario (ATT: PD = 0.53%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.19, 0.87). There was statistical evidence of an effect in the Zambian communities (ATT: PD = 0.49%; 95% CI: 0.14, 0.85), but the evidence was weaker in SA communities (ATT: PD = 0.56%; 95% CI: -0.15, 1.26). At the population level, PLHIV on ART contributed an absolute excess of 0.08% to overall TB prevalence, representing a 9.3% proportionate increase, which was larger in Zambian (14.8%) than in SA (5.6%) communities due to background TB prevalence differences. PLHIV on ART remain at elevated risk of prevalent TB, contributing considerably to overall TB prevalence, underscoring the need for continued, targeted TB prevention, screening, and treatment strategies for all PLHIV in settings with a high burden of both TB and HIV. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03739736.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.