A novel mouse calvarial defect model of osteomyelitis induced by Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538).

backgroundOsteomyelitis is a severe bone infection that causes chronic inflammation, tissue necrosis, and vascular compromise. The infection often requires surgical debridement and prolonged high-dose antibiotic therapy. Despite numerous osteomyelitis models in different species and skeletal sites, a standardized mouse calvarial defect model that reflects cranial intramembranous ossification and enables research on craniofacial infection is unavailable. Therefore, this study aimed to establish a reproducible mouse calvarial defect osteomyelitis model and to define an inoculum threshold that reliably induces infection while preserving experimental feasibility for downstream mechanistic and therapeutic studies.

resultsBilateral calvarial defects (diameter = 4 mm) were created in C57BL/6J mice, and the defects were inoculated with graded doses of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538). Four weeks postoperatively, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), bacteriological culture, and histopathological scoring for inflammation, necrosis, and bacterial presence were performed. Mice receiving 5 µL of 10

conclusionsThis study established a mouse model of calvarial defect osteomyelitis that recapitulates the key features of cranial bone infection, including bone loss, impaired union, and robust inflammatory and bacterial burdens. This model provides a platform for studying the mechanisms of cranial osteomyelitis by incorporating genetically modified mice and testing local and systemic therapeutic strategies. Although only a single S. aureus strain and limited ancillary staining were used, the study data lay the groundwork for future investigations that incorporate diverse clinical isolates, comorbid conditions, and advanced regenerative or anti-infective interventions targeting craniofacial bone infections.