ArticleWorld journal of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery2026
Prognostic Value of FST and Relevance to Immune Infiltration in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
Article in World journal of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Immunotherapy response rates in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are limited by multiple factors. Tumor cell-derived follistatin (FST) has been linked to immunotherapy resistance, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of FST and its associations with tumor-infiltrating immune cells in HNSCC. Methods: Bioinformatic analyses were performed using TCGA, GEO, TIMER 2.0, and CIBERSORT to explore correlations between FST expression and immune cell infiltration. Serum FST levels in HNSCC patients were measured by ELISA in 44 patients. Multiplex immunofluorescence (MIF) was used to detect FST, activin A (Act‑A), and immune cell markers in 110 HNSCC tissues. MIF images were analyzed using the Akoya Vectra Polaris system and Inform software. Survival analysis was conducted using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: High FST expression (FST Conclusion: FST may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker and a predictor of immunotherapy responsiveness in HNSCC.
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