ArticleFASEB bioAdvances2026
Glial and Vascular Plasma Biomarkers Across the Alzheimer's Disease Continuum: An ADNI-Based Longitudinal Study.
Article in FASEB bioAdvances, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasingly recognized as a multicellular disorder involving neurovascular unit dysfunction. Investigating glial and vascular biomarkers together may provide a more integrated view of AD biology. This study characterized baseline distributions, interrelationships, and longitudinal trajectories of plasma glial (GFAP, sTREM2) and vascular/endothelial (VEGF, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1) biomarkers across the AD continuum. Using Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) data, this retrospective longitudinal cohort study included a covariate-complete clinical cohort of 2650 participants classified as cognitively unimpaired (CU), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or AD dementia. Biomarker-specific analytic samples were determined by assay availability and complete-case requirements. Associations were evaluated using covariate-adjusted linear regression and linear mixed-effects models with participant random intercepts, adjusted for baseline age, sex, education, and APOE ε4 status. Vascular models were additionally refitted with body mass index, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive and antidiabetic medication use, smoking history, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Baseline GFAP showed a robust stepwise elevation from CU to MCI to AD (56.3% higher in AD than CU,
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