Demographic and Clinical Features of Early-Onset versus Late-Onset Gender Dysphoria Among Adolescent and Young Adult Birth-Assigned Females.

Hollie Hammond, Emma Walter, Martin Daly, James S Morandini, Evelyn Smith

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Archives of sexual behavior, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Hollie HammondSchool of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia. 16727869@student.westernsydney.edu.au.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9493-7029

Emma WalterSchool of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.

Martin DalySchool of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.

James S MorandiniKing Street Psychology Clinic, Sydney, Australia.

Evelyn SmithSchool of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study examined differences in demographic and clinical features between early- and late-onset gender dysphoria (GD) in a sample of 138 birth-assigned female adolescents and young adults (AYAs) aged 16-25 years. Participants were recruited through social media and word of mouth and completed an online survey. Onset type was determined using retrospective self-report on adapted DSM-5-TR criteria for childhood GD. Results showed most participants (79%) were classified as late-onset. Late-onset participants were significantly more likely to identify as non-binary, while the early-onset group more frequently endorsed binary identities (e.g., man/male). Early-onset participants reported significantly more childhood gender nonconformity, comorbid diagnoses, and more severe GD and anxiety. Participants classified as late-onset reported limited evidence of childhood gender nonconformity. These findings support the notion that GD is heterogeneous with regard to onset, severity, and comorbidity in AYA birth-assigned females. Further research is needed to investigate these divergent pathways and their clinical implications.

Indexed as

DSM-5-TRGender dysphoriaMental healthNon-binarySexual orientationTransgender

Identifiers

PMID42763360

DOI10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093034

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