Observational studyJournal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques2026
Age-related risk factors for leftover drugs: a lifespan analysis in community pharmacies.
Observational study in Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Medication adherence is a critical global challenge because suboptimal adherence reduces therapeutic efficacy and increases healthcare costs. While leftover drugs are vital indicators of potential adherence-related challenges, age-specific factors contributing to their occurrence, particularly across the lifespan, remain insufficiently understood. This study was aimed at clarifying age-stratified factors associated with leftover drugs using large-scale objective data from protocol-based pharmacotherapy management (PBPM) in community pharmacies. Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective, observational cohort study of 36,340 outpatients. Objective reporting of data based on the PBPM in community pharmacies between 2016 and 2021 was analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression and predicted probability models were used to evaluate the interactions between age (decade-stratified) and four primary clinical factors: drug count, prescription duration, prescribing department count, and sex. Results: The overall proportion of leftover drugs was 9.6% ( Conclusion: This study highlights the influence of clinical characteristics on leftover drug shifting substantially with age. Consequently, effective management requires age-specific interventions centered on minimizing drug counts, with an emphasis on optimizing prescription duration in younger adults and promoting medication simplification and inter-institutional coordination in older adults.
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