ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
Associations between perceived campus walkability and self-reported exercise behavior among college students: a cross-sectional serial indirect-effects study of exercise motivation and general self-efficacy.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Objective: This study examined the cross-sectional association between perceived campus walkability and self-reported exercise behavior among college students and explored indirect associations through exercise motivation and general self-efficacy under a prespecified serial ordering. The study aimed to inform the development of health-promoting university campuses and strategies to support student exercise behavior. Methods: A cross-sectional online questionnaire survey was conducted among 1,739 undergraduate students recruited through multi-institutional convenience sampling from six undergraduate universities located in different regions of Shandong Province, China. Perceived campus walkability, exercise motivation, general self-efficacy, and exercise behavior were assessed using self-report measures. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and hierarchical multiple linear regression with demographic and background covariates were used to examine associations. Heteroscedasticity-consistent HC3 standard errors were reported. Cross-sectional indirect associations under the prespecified ordering of perceived campus walkability → exercise motivation → general self-efficacy → exercise behavior were estimated using PROCESS version 4.2 Model 6 with 5,000 bootstrap resamples. Because all variables were measured at one time point, the indirect-effect analysis was not interpreted as establishing temporal mediation or causality. Results: The mean scores were 136.99 (SD 15.86) for perceived campus walkability, 58.00 (SD 11.68) for exercise motivation, 26.90 (SD 7.11) for general self-efficacy, and 16.81 (SD 19.88) for exercise behavior. Exercise intensity was classified as light for 714 participants (41.1%), low for 400 (23.0%), moderate for 264 (15.2%), vigorous but non-sustained for 303 (17.4%), and vigorous and sustained for 58 (3.3%). Perceived campus walkability was positively correlated with exercise motivation ( Conclusion: Perceived campus walkability showed a small positive association with self-reported exercise behavior among college students. Exercise motivation accounted for a statistically nonzero indirect association under the prespecified model, whereas indirect associations through general self-efficacy alone and through the serial pathway were not supported. These findings support combining improvements in campus destinations and walking access with strategies that strengthen students' motivation to exercise; however, longitudinal or experimental studies are needed to determine temporal direction and causal mechanisms.
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