ArticleFrontiers in human neuroscience2026
Individual SMR neurofeedback responsiveness during a single session and its associations with autonomic regulation and shooting performance in elite rifle athletes.
Article in Frontiers in human neuroscience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) neurofeedback has attracted growing interest for improving performance in precision sports; however, inter-individual variability in responsiveness remains poorly understood, and its associations with autonomic regulation and shooting performance have not been examined within a single-session paradigm. Because a substantial proportion of trainees show limited ability to self-regulate EEG activity ("non-responders"), characterizing responsiveness is important for developing personalized protocols. This exploratory study aimed to characterize individual differences in SMR neurofeedback responsiveness during a single session and examine their associations with post-training autonomic regulation and shooting performance in elite air rifle athletes. Methods: Thirteen elite air rifle shooters completed a single 10-min SMR (12-15 Hz) neurofeedback session at electrode site Cz. Heart rate variability (HRV) was recorded at four timepoints spanning pre- and post-shooting and pre- and post-training rest. Shooting performance was assessed via the SCATT system across two 30-shot blocks. Individual SMR regulation trajectories were indexed as linear amplitude slopes across five training blocks. Athletes were classified as Responders (slope > 0; Results: SMR slope showed the strongest associations with changes in shooting score (r = 0.623) and logLF (r = -0.636), though neither survived Benjamini-Hochberg FDR correction (both q = 0.248). Responders exhibited larger post-training increases in DFA α2 (a long-term scaling exponent derived from detrended fluctuation analysis reflecting autonomic regulatory complexity; d = 1.688, Discussion: These preliminary, exploratory findings suggest that individual SMR regulatory capacity may relate to post-training autonomic modulation and shooting performance, and that SMR amplitude slope may represent a promising index of neurofeedback learning. Given the small and unequal responder groups (
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.