ArticleFrontiers in pediatrics2026
Risk factors associated with birth asphyxia at Pumwani Maternity Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya: a case-control study.
Article in Frontiers in pediatrics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Birth asphyxia remains a leading cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in low- and middle-income countries. In Kenya, it accounts for approximately 29% of neonatal deaths despite the implementation of national newborn care guidelines. This study investigated the risk factors associated with birth asphyxia at Pumwani Maternity Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Methods: A matched case-control study was conducted at Pumwani Maternity Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya, between February and September 2024. Cases were newborns with a five-minute APGAR score <7, while controls had a five-minute APGAR score ≥7. A total of 540 newborns (270 cases and 270 controls) were consecutively recruited. Data were collected using a researcher-administered questionnaire and a data abstraction tool. Univariable and multivariable conditional logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with birth asphyxia. All analyses were conducted using R version 4.5.1 (2025-06-13 ucrt), and statistical significance was set at Results: Most mothers were aged above 20 years (80.2%), married or cohabiting (75.6%), unemployed (61.9%), and had attained secondary level education (58.0%). Complications during labour were strongly associated with birth asphyxia (AOR: 24.26; 95% CI: 7.65-76.95). Additionally, previous adverse obstetric history (AOR: 2.18; 95% CI: 1.14-4.17), maternal medical and obstetric conditions during pregnancy (AOR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.04-3.19), and non-cephalic fetal presentation (AOR: 8.92; 95% CI: 1.77-45.00) were also independently associated with higher odds of birth asphyxia. Conversely, spontaneous onset of labour (AOR: 0.20; 95% CI: 0.05-0.76), spontaneous vaginal delivery (AOR: 0.02; 95% CI: 0.00-0.10), and delivery conducted by trained healthcare providers were associated with reduced odds of birth asphyxia. Conclusion: Birth asphyxia was strongly associated with several maternal and obstetric factors. Strengthening antenatal risk identification, timely management of labour complications, skilled intrapartum care, and early recognition of high-risk deliveries may reduce the burden of birth asphyxia and improve neonatal outcomes in similar low-resource settings.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.