ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Peripheral immune phenotyping identifies an immunosuppressed sepsis endotype with potential relevance for immune stratification.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Sepsis is characterized by profound immune dysregulation, yet the biological significance and clinical application of peripheral immune phenotyping in sepsis remain incompletely defined. This study aimed to define internally identified immune phenotypes in sepsis and evaluate their prognostic and translational relevance. Methods: In this single-centre retrospective cohort study, 374 adult patients with sepsis or severe infection were included. Six peripheral immune markers (total T cells, CD4 Results: Two internally stable immune phenotypes were identified: an immune-preserved phenotype (n = 306) and an immune-suppressed phenotype (n = 61). The immune-suppressed phenotype exhibited globally reduced lymphocyte subsets and lower monocyte HLA-DR, accompanied by lower platelet and white blood cell counts, higher inflammatory markers, and slightly higher SOFA scores. However, in-hospital mortality did not differ significantly between phenotypes (39.0% vs 30.6%, *P* = 0.224). Immune phenotyping achieved limited prognostic separation (Δ = 8.9 percentage points), substantially lower than laboratory-based combinations (Δ = 63.3 points). In predictive modelling, the six-marker immune model showed the weakest discrimination (AUC = 0.646 ± 0.066), whereas SOFA alone outperformed all six-marker combinations (AUC = 0.747 ± 0.055). Lactate, as a severity-associated laboratory indicator, demonstrated a stronger prognostic association than immune parameter suggesting that immune suppression and physiological stress represent complementary dimensions of sepsis pathobiology. Conclusion: Peripheral immune phenotyping identifies biologically distinct immune-preserved and immune-suppressed states in sepsis. Although these immune phenotypes provide limited additional prognostic discrimination beyond established severity scores and routine laboratory indicators, they provide valuable insights into immune dysfunction and represent a potential framework for immune stratification. Further longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether these immune phenotypes can inform future personalized immunomodulatory strategies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.