Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42760367›Full record

ArticleEuropean archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery2026

Cochlear implantation before age one or after: cognitive flexibility, planning, and problem-solving in pediatric recipients.

Maria Nicastri, Hilal Dincer D'Alessandro, Patrizia Consolino, Daniele De Seta, Flaminia Gianturco, Diego Di Lisi, Ilaria Giallini, Miriana Ciferri, Patrizia Mancini

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Article in European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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2 · The registry

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Maria NicastriDepartment of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Hilal Dincer D'AlessandroDepartment of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. hilal.dincer@uniroma1.it.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7320-6577
Patrizia ConsolinoMartini Hospital, ENT Department, Turin, Italy.
Daniele De SetaDepartment of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Flaminia GianturcoMartini Hospital, ENT Department, Turin, Italy.
Diego Di LisiMartini Hospital, ENT Department, Turin, Italy.
Ilaria GialliniDepartment of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Miriana CiferriDepartment of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Patrizia ManciniDepartment of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeThis study investigated the association between age at cochlear implantation and executive function outcomes, including cognitive flexibility (CF) and planning and problem-solving (PPS), in school-age children with cochlear implants (CIs). Demographic, cognitive, and audiological factors associated with these outcomes were also examined.

methodsSixty-one children with CIs aged 8-10 years were divided into Infancy CI (implanted within the first year of life; n = 30) and Toddlerhood CI groups (implanted between 13 and 24 months; n = 31). CF was assessed using the Modified Card Sorting Test and PPS using the Tower of London Test. Group comparisons, correlations, and hierarchical regression analyses were performed.

resultsThe Infancy CI group showed significantly better CF and PPS performance than the Toddlerhood CI group (p < 0.01). CF was associated with maternal education, nonverbal intelligence, receptive vocabulary, and CI thresholds, whereas PPS was associated with receptive vocabulary and CI hearing thresholds. Regression analyses revealed different predictor patterns. Age at implantation predicted CF initially but was no longer significant after controlling for receptive vocabulary, CI thresholds, nonverbal intelligence, and maternal education; receptive vocabulary was the only independent predictor of CF. In contrast, age at implantation and CI thresholds independently predicted PPS (p < 0.05).

conclusionEarlier cochlear implantation is associated with better executive function outcomes, although different domains appear to be influenced by distinct factors. CF may be more closely related to language development, whereas PPS may be more strongly associated with implantation timing and auditory access.

Indexed as

Age at implantationCochlear implantsCognitive flexibilityExecutive functionsPediatric hearing lossPlanning and problem-solving

Identifiers

PMID42760367

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