ArticleVeterinary ophthalmology2026
A Topographical Anatomical Description of the Orbit of the Alpaca, Vicugna pacos.
Article in Veterinary ophthalmology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo describe the gross anatomy of the orbita in Huacaya alpacas, identify species-specific features, and provide comparative anatomical information relevant to clinical ophthalmic practice. ANIMALS STUDIED: Nine heads from postmortem donated Huacaya alpacas were used. PROCEDURES: Two skulls were evaluated to characterize the orbita, and six additional heads were analyzed using gross dissection and saw sectioning.
resultsThe orbita is completely enclosed by bone and protects the mm. bulbi and associated nn. craniales. The mm. bulbi originate mainly around the can. opticus and for. orbitorotundum, except for the m. obliquus ventralis, that arises from the os lacrimale. Orbital nerves include the n. opticus, the ocular motor nerves (n. oculomotorius, n. trochlearis, n. abducens), as well as the n. ophthalmicus and n. maxillaris. With the exception of the m. obliquus dorsalis, m. rectus lateralis, and the lateral part of the m. retractor bulbi, all mm. bulbi are innervated by the n. oculomotorius. These exceptions are innervated by the n. trochlearis and n. abducens, respectively.
conclusionsThe macroscopic anatomy of the orbita in Huacaya alpacas largely corresponds to that of domestic animals. However, novel details were identified, including bifurcation of the n. trochlearis near the m. obliquus dorsalis and fine connecting branches of the n. ophthalmicus to adjacent structures. These features warrant further study to support veterinary care and improve understanding of alpaca orbital anatomy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.