Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42758259›Full record

ArticleSleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung2026

Association of sleep efficiency with cardiac autonomic modulation in young and professional soccer players during pre-season.

Nathaniel Gomes Oliveira, Lucas Miquéias Silva Abreu, Felipe Bispo Ribeiro, Bianca Fernanda Almeida Silva, Tanara Nubia Furtado Monteiro, Michele Brito Correia, Manuelly Estefanny Vieira Pereira, Herickson Araújo Costa, Cristiano Teixeira Mostarda, Carlos Alberto Alves Dias Filho and 5 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Nathaniel Gomes OliveiraPostgraduate Program in Physical Education, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, Vila Bacanga, São Luís, MA, 65080805, Brazil. nathaniel.oliveira@discente.ufma.br.
Lucas Miquéias Silva AbreuPostgraduate Program in Physical Education, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, Vila Bacanga, São Luís, MA, 65080805, Brazil.
Felipe Bispo RibeiroPostgraduate Program in Physical Education, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, Vila Bacanga, São Luís, MA, 65080805, Brazil.
Bianca Fernanda Almeida SilvaPostgraduate Program in Physical Education, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, Vila Bacanga, São Luís, MA, 65080805, Brazil.
Tanara Nubia Furtado MonteiroDepartment of Physical Education, Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), Pinheiro, MA, Brazil.
Michele Brito CorreiaDepartment of Physical Education, Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), Pinheiro, MA, Brazil.
Manuelly Estefanny Vieira PereiraPostgraduate Program in Physical Education, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, Vila Bacanga, São Luís, MA, 65080805, Brazil.
Herickson Araújo CostaPostgraduate Program in Physical Education, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, Vila Bacanga, São Luís, MA, 65080805, Brazil.
Cristiano Teixeira MostardaPostgraduate Program in Physical Education, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, Vila Bacanga, São Luís, MA, 65080805, Brazil.
Carlos Alberto Alves Dias FilhoPostgraduate Program in Physical Education, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, Vila Bacanga, São Luís, MA, 65080805, Brazil.
Jefferson Fernando Coelho RodriguesPostgraduate Program in Physical Education, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, Vila Bacanga, São Luís, MA, 65080805, Brazil.
Janaina de Oliveira Brito MonzaniPostgraduate Program in Physical Education, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, Vila Bacanga, São Luís, MA, 65080805, Brazil.
Emerson Silami GarciaPostgraduate Program in Physical Education, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, Vila Bacanga, São Luís, MA, 65080805, Brazil.
Christian Emmanuel Torres CabidoPostgraduate Program in Physical Education, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, Vila Bacanga, São Luís, MA, 65080805, Brazil.
Carlos José Moraes DiasPostgraduate Program in Physical Education, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, Vila Bacanga, São Luís, MA, 65080805, Brazil.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveThis study investigated the association between sleep efficiency and cardiac autonomic modulation in young and professional soccer players during pre-season.

methodsA cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted with 53 male soccer players divided into three categories: U-15 (n = 12), U-17 (n = 15), and professionals (n = 26). Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), cardiac autonomic modulation via heart rate variability (HRV) recorded by a 10-lead electrocardiograph and analyzed with Kubios HRV 2.0, and cardiorespiratory capacity estimated through the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test. Body composition was assessed by tetrapolar electrical bioimpedance. Statistical analyses included one-way ANOVA, Welch's ANOVA, chi-square and Fisher's exact tests, Pearson correlation, and simple linear regression, with significance set at p < 0.05.

resultsProfessional athletes demonstrated significantly higher VO₂max (50.5 ± 4.56 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹; p < 0.001), lower resting heart rate (54.9 ± 8.65 bpm; p = 0.03), and greater parasympathetic modulation (RMSSD: 82.8 ± 17.5 ms; p < 0.001) compared to youth categories. Sleep efficiency was significantly higher in professionals (90.7 ± 6.13%; p = 0.01) and positively correlated with RMSSD. A significant association was found between RMSSD levels and global sleep quality (p = 0.004; X² = 0.50), as well as between RMSSD and VO₂max classification (p = 0.01; X² = 0.40).

conclusionSleep efficiency is positively associated with cardiac autonomic modulation and aerobic performance in soccer players. While the superior physiological profile of professionals reflects a synergy between training adaptations and biological maturation, HRV and PSQI constitute complementary monitoring tools for integrated athlete assessment across competitive categories.

Indexed as

Autonomic Nervous SystemHeartHeart RateSleep QualitySoccerAdolescentAdultCross-Sectional StudiesElectrocardiographyHumansMaleYoung AdultAutonomic nervous systemHeart rate variabilityPre-seasonSleep qualitySoccer

Identifiers

PMID42758259
PMCPMC13588824

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.