Beyond global comparability: why universal health coverage indicators must reflect national contexts.

Universal health coverage (UHC) is a central objective of the global health agenda, supported by internationally standardised indicators that facilitate monitoring and accountability across countries. Although standardised global UHC indicators, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), UHC service coverage index, and out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures, support international accountability and collaboration, they do not fully capture domestic healthcare complexities driven by demographic ageing, epidemiological transitions, and evolving health system challenges. These limitations are particularly evident in countries facing complex population health needs. This viewpoint argues that UHC measurements should be adapted to national contexts, considering demographic characteristics, epidemiological profiles, healthcare delivery and financing structures, and political priorities. National governments, in cooperation with international organisations, must adopt a two-tiered monitoring approach that combines global and country-specific indicators and is underpinned by scientifically rigorous data collection. Such a multilayered framework can strengthen both domestic governance and international efforts to achieve UHC.