ArticleCureus2026
Effect of Three Antioxidants on the Shear Bond Strength of Composite Resin to Bleached Enamel: An In Vitro Study.
Article in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction Vital tooth bleaching is a widely accepted minimally invasive treatment for the management of tooth discoloration. However, residual oxygen radicals generated during bleaching adversely affect the polymerization of resin-based restorative materials, resulting in reduced bond strength when adhesive procedures are performed immediately after bleaching. Antioxidant agents have been proposed as a means of neutralizing residual free radicals and restoring bonding effectiveness. Objective The objective of this study is to compare the effects of 6.5% proanthocyanidin, 10% sodium ascorbate, and 10% selenium on the shear bond strength (SBS) of composite resin bonded to enamel following in-office bleaching. Materials and methods Seventy-five extracted permanent maxillary anterior teeth were selected and subjected to in-office bleaching using 37.5% hydrogen peroxide. Specimens were randomly allocated into five groups (n = 15): immediate bonding after bleaching, delayed bonding after three weeks, 6.5% proanthocyanidin treatment, 10% sodium ascorbate treatment, and 10% selenium treatment. Following surface treatment, enamel specimens were etched with 37% phosphoric acid, bonded using Adper™ Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA), and restored with Filtek Z250 XT (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) composite resin. SBS was evaluated using a universal testing machine (UTM) at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results The highest mean SBS was observed in the proanthocyanidin group (45.52 ± 1.37 MPa), followed by sodium ascorbate (31.11 ± 1.98 MPa), delayed bonding (30.39 ± 1.51 MPa), selenium (15.95 ± 0.82 MPa), and immediate bonding (11.17 ± 1.66 MPa). The ANOVA demonstrated marked differences across the experimental groups (F = 1209.846, p < 0.001). Proanthocyanidin exhibited significantly higher SBS than all other groups. Conclusion Application of antioxidants after bleaching significantly improved the bond strength of composite resin to enamel. Among the tested antioxidants, 6.5% proanthocyanidin demonstrated the greatest efficacy in restoring SBS, followed by sodium ascorbate. Selenium exhibited comparatively limited effectiveness. Proanthocyanidin may serve as a clinically useful adjunct for immediate restorative procedures following bleaching.
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