ArticlePeerJ2026
Prevalence and obstetric risk factors of stress urinary incontinence in parous women: a cross-sectional study in rural areas of Mangaluru, India.
Article in PeerJ, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is common among parous women, yet community-level data from rural India remain limited. This study estimated the prevalence of SUI among relatively healthy, rural, reproductive-age parous women without major comorbidities. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 412 parous women (aged 25-40 years) using proportionate stratified random sampling across seven rural wards. SUI was assessed using the modified International Continence Society (ICS) Uniform Cough Stress Test (CST) with a standard bladder-fill protocol. Obstetric data were collected via a validated questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariable associations were analysed using modified Poisson regression with robust standard errors to estimate crude prevalence ratios (cPR) and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR). Results: The prevalence of SUI was 53.4% ( Conclusion: SUI affects more than half of relatively healthy, reproductive-age parous women in this rural setting; however, these findings represent associations within a clinically screened population and should not be interpreted as causal relationships or generalised to all rural women. Increasing maternal age was independently associated with higher SUI prevalence, supporting consideration of routine pelvic floor assessment and targeted community-based education within primary maternal healthcare services.
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