ArticleFrontiers in psychology2026
Psychometric properties of the test of nonverbal intelligence-third edition (TONI-3) in Turkish middle school students.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of Form A of the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence-Third Edition (TONI-3) in Turkish middle school students aged 10 years 0 months to 14 years 0 months. Although TONI-3 has previously been validated in Turkish children and late adolescents, psychometric evidence for early adolescence remains limited. Method: The sample consisted of 1,041 middle school students in Aydın province (50.6% female; Results: Internal consistency was high across the examined age, grade, and socioeconomic subgroups (ωt = 0.932; Discussion: The findings provide complementary evidence supporting the reliability and validity of TONI-3 Form A. Although the structural analyses supported approximate unidimensionality rather than a strictly unidimensional structure, the combined evidence supports the use of TONI-3 Form A for assessing nonverbal intelligence in Turkish middle school students aged 10-14 years, within the scope of the present study. The findings also provide preliminary evidence of comparable item functioning across demographic groups, although formal measurement invariance remains to be established.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.