Force-sensing glove with real-time visual feedback for cello right-hand technique instruction.

Introduction: Bow force and movement are intrinsic to learning and performing bowing techniques on bowed string instruments. This study explores the use of a low-cost sensorised glove designed to support right-hand technique learning in cello performance. Methods: The glove is fitted with piezoresistive sensors on the thumb and index finger to quantify grip force during bowing, enabling the evaluation of bow-hold ergonomics in real time. Tests with five cello students comprised three tasks (holding the bow still, sustaining a note, and performing a one-octave scale), followed by participation in a discussion group. Results: The results revealed consistent finger force patterns across all exercises, with higher forces occurring toward the bow tip and lower values near the frog, reflecting the natural lever dynamics of cello playing. Force behaviour proved stable and repeatable within the selected physiological range, confirming the glove's reliability for capturing meaningful variations in bowing technique despite reduced sensitivity at higher loads. Participants reported that the glove enhanced their awareness of applied pressure during Discussion: These findings suggest perceived pedagogical potential for self-monitoring and technique refinement while demonstrating the feasibility of using visual real-time wearables in instrument instruction. Future research could include longitudinal studies and the synchronisation of audio recordings to further explore the relationship between applied finger forces and sound production.