ArticleFrontiers in medicine2026
Intravitreal exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is associated with aggravated retinal lesions in a murine model of central retinal vein occlusion.
Article in Frontiers in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: To explore effects of SARS-CoV-2 ocular infection on severity of central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and the associated cellular and molecular clues. Methods: The spike protein (SP) was intravitreally administered to mimic the pathological process of SARS-CoV-2 ocular infection. Eight-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: normal control (NOR), CRVO, 0.2 SP + CRVO, 0.4 SP + CRVO, and 0.8 SP + CRVO groups. The CRVO group was intravitreally injected with phosphate-buffered saline, and the SP + CRVO groups were intravitreally injected with full-length recombinant SP of Omicron (B.1.1.529) SARS-CoV-2 at 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 µg. Two days later, a CRVO model was induced via laser photocoagulation following Rose Bengal injection. Then fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and electroretinogram (ERG) were conducted. The retinas from the CRVO and 0.8 SP + CRVO groups were collected on day 9 after modeling for 10× Genomics single-cell RNA (scRNA) sequencing, and the results were validated by immunofluorescence staining of mouse retinas and SP stimulation of a human retinal Müller cell line (MIO-M1). Results: In CRVO retinas, FFAs demonstrated reduced intravascular fluorescence dye filling and increased fluorescence dye leakage compared with normal counterparts; OCT revealed edema. Reperfusion was delayed, and the intensity and area of leakage, edema, and electrophysiological functions were significantly aggravated in CRVO retinas pretreated with high-dose SP. ScRNA sequencing revealed dramatically upregulated expression of the Lengsin ( Conclusions: Intravitreal exposure to SP, the major pathogenic factor of SARS-CoV-2, was associated with delayed vessel reperfusion and exacerbated vascular leakage, edema, and electrophysiological functions in CRVO retinas. ScRNA sequencing revealed that
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.