ArticleFrontiers in medicine2026
The "Hand as Foot" teaching method for ocular anatomy: an embodied learning approach.
Article in Frontiers in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Ocular anatomy is difficult to teach due to complex three-dimensional relationships. Traditional two-dimensional methods limit comprehension, while virtual simulation is often unavailable in underdeveloped regions. The "Hand as Foot" teaching method uses hand gestures to simulate anatomical structures and has been effective in other disciplines. This study introduces this method into ocular anatomy teaching to address three core obstacles: layered wall structure, dynamic circulation/lens accommodation, and retinal functional mapping. Methods: We introduced the "Hand as Foot" teaching method into an ocular anatomy course at a medical university in northern China. A total of 91 students participated: 45 in the control group and 46 in the intervention group. The intervention group learned key features (eyeball wall layers, aqueous humor circulation, retinal imaging) using this method. Learning outcomes were assessed by theoretical knowledge test, clinical skills assessment, and satisfaction questionnaire. Results No significant baseline differences existed between groups. The intervention group scored significantly higher than the control group on the theoretical knowledge test (90.04 ± 5.00 vs. 85.84 ± 6.13; Conclusion: The "Hand as Foot" teaching method is easy to implement, and achieved higher scores in both theoretical understanding and clinical skills in ocular anatomy. It provides a practical, engaging alternative for ophthalmic anatomy education, particularly in resource-limited settings.
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