ArticleThe Pan African medical journal2026
Optimizing health workforce distribution and satisfaction in Ghana's Upper East Region: a quantitative analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic predictors.
Article in The Pan African medical journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: inadequate health workforce distribution and retention challenges hinder Universal Health Coverage in low-income settings. This study assessed health worker distribution and satisfaction determinants in public primary healthcare facilities in Ghana's Upper East Region. Methods: a quantitative cross-sectional design was employed. Data were collected from human resource departments and health workers via semi-structured questionnaires. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses identified associations between workforce satisfaction and intrinsic/extrinsic factors. Results: significant staffing gaps were observed: Bawku West (27.99%), Builsa North (36.94%), and Bongo (51.67%). Multivariate analysis revealed that clear responsibility (aOR=4.58, p=0.001) and effective communication (aOR=10.14, p<0.001) were strong intrinsic predictors of satisfaction. Enhanced supervision (aOR=8.39, p<0.001) was a key extrinsic factor. Female workers had lower satisfaction odds (aOR=0.70), while widowed/separated individuals reported higher satisfaction (aOR=2.15). Conclusion: targeted interventions to clarify roles, improve communication, and strengthen supervision are critical to optimize workforce distribution and enhance satisfaction in rural Ghana.
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