ArticleThe Pan African medical journal2026
Seroprevalence and risk factors of HBV/HCV/HIV triple co-infection among HIV patients receiving HAART at a Tertiary Hospital in Makurdi, Nigeria.
Article in The Pan African medical journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: co-infection of hepatitis B and C viruses with HIV is associated with poorer survival, increased risk of severe liver disease, and greater highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-related liver toxicity. This study assessed the seroprevalence and risk factors for triple co-infection with hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus (HBV/HCV/HIV) among HIV-positive patients on HAART at the Federal Medical Centre, Makurdi. Methods: in this cross-sectional study, 250 HIV-positive adults were recruited consecutively over three months. Socio-demographic data and risk factors were collected using structured questionnaires. Serum samples were analyzed for hepatitis B and C. Prevalence was calculated, and associations with triple co-infection were examined using chi-square and logistic regression analyses (SPSS v27.0, 95% confidence level). Results: the prevalence of HBV/HCV/HIV triple co-infection was 1.2% among 250 HIV patients receiving HAART. The cohort was predominantly female (74.4%), with a female-to-male ratio of 3: 1 and a mean age of 45 years. Secondary education (AOR = 3.080, 95% CI: 1.420-7.038, p = 0.020), multiple sexual partners (AOR = 2.200, 95% CI: 1.271-7.073, p = 0.001), and smoking (AOR = 4.071, 95% CI: 1.101-11.018, p = 0.001) were independent predictors of triple co-infection. No significant associations were observed with sex, age, marital status, employment, alcohol use, or body mass index (BMI). Conclusion: the 1.2% seroprevalence of triple co-infection is low but highlights the ongoing presence of these infections. This finding reinforces the need for stronger public health education and more targeted screening programs. These measures can help reduce risky behaviors and encourage early testing to curb transmission.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.