Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42754783›Full record

ArticlePharmaceutical research2026

Controlled Release of the IL-1R Antagonist, Anakinra, from Microgels with an Extended Intra-articular Residence Time.

Ruben J Trujillo, Sara Lok, Lawrence J Bonassar, David Putnam

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Pharmaceutical research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Ruben J TrujilloMeinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Sara LokMeinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Lawrence J BonassarMeinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
David PutnamMeinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. dap43@cornell.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0794-4915

Funding

In Vivo Optical and MicroCT Imaging Instruments for the Cornell BRC Imaging FacilityS10OD025049 · OD · CORNELL UNIVERSITY · PI WILLIAMS, REBECCA M · 2018 to 2018
$750k
Acquisition of an automated phase and fluorescence microscope for Cornell BRC Imaging FacilityS10OD032251 · OD · CORNELL UNIVERSITY · PI WILLIAMS, REBECCA M · 2022 to 2022
$229k
Division of Chemistry 1531632Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation 2245367Division of Graduate Education 2139899Division of Materials Research 1719875NIH HHS S10 OD025049NIH HHS S10 OD032251NIH Office of the Director S10OD032251Office of Research Infrastructure Programs, National Institutes of Health S10OD025049
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeTo establish intra-articularly injected microgel compositions that can control the rate of release of anakinra, a protein-based IL-1R antagonist, at therapeutically relevant concentrations for an extended period of time.

methodsUptake and release of the IL-1Ra from microgels was tuned by simple post-synthesis modifications via the addition of calcium chloride after protein loading, or conjugation of small molecules to existing microgels to study the effects of negative (unmodified), positive (dimethylethylenediamine, agmatine), polar (ethanolamine), and non-polar (phenethylamine) side chains on protein delivery.

resultsMicrogels modified with phenethylamine enhanced the loading capacity of the IL-1Ra to 242%. Both calcium-treated and small molecule-modified microgels had a decrease in initial burst release from the microgel matrix, and both extended the release of IL-1Ra from 6 h for unmodified microgels to over 60 days within the active therapeutic index of the drug. Microgels persist in the joint space for at least 8 weeks, and follow a bi-exponential decay curve with a ß half-life of 93.2 days.

conclusionsThese findings demonstrate the application of simple post-synthesis modifications for improved drug delivery via polyanionic microgels, and support the potential use of poly(acrylic acid) microgels as intra-articular drug delivery vehicles for osteoarthritis treatment.

Indexed as

Antirheumatic AgentsInterleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist ProteinMicrogelsAnimalsDelayed-Action PreparationsHumansInjections, Intra-ArticularAntirheumatic AgentsDelayed-Action PreparationsInterleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist ProteinMicrogelsdrug deliveryhydrogel modificationsIL1ramicrogelsosteoarthritis

Identifiers

PMID42754783
PMCPMC13642450

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.