ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2026
Characterization of Leukocyte Crawling in the Living Human Retina Using Adaptive Optics Scanning Light Ophthalmoscopy.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Purpose: Direct visualization of leukocytes within the retinal microvasculature is essential for investigating local immune responses. In this study, we characterize leukocyte crawling dynamics in the retinal vasculature of healthy volunteers and three patients with systemic diseases using adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO). Methods: Twenty-three healthy volunteers (age range, 20-75 years) and three patients with systemic diseases (diabetes, sickle cell disease, and syphilis) were imaged using a commercial AOSLO device. Consecutive phase-contrast AOSLO images of the temporal retina were acquired over 5 minutes at two to four preidentified regions of interest. Leukocyte crawling events were tracked manually in the 5-minute time-lapse video; vessel type, lumen diameter, speed, and pattern were assessed. Results: A total of 232 intraluminal leukocyte crawling events were identified in healthy volunteers. Crawling events were more frequently observed in venules (89.66%) than arterioles (9.92%). Lumen diameter with leukocyte crawling ranged from 10.2 to 67.8 µm; mean ± SD crawling speed was 0.3 ± 0.1 µm/s. Four distinct crawling patterns, with respect to direction of blood flow, were identified: with, against, backtrack, and across. No significant difference in crawling speed was found between venules and arterioles (P = 0.67) or among crawling patterns (P = 0.197). In addition to crawling, various leukocyte dynamics, including adhesions, reverse transmigration, and extravascular cell motilities, were observed in patients with systemic diseases. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing AOSLO to noninvasively visualize leukocyte crawling in the living human eye. The ability to characterize leukocyte dynamics in their natural environment offers invaluable insight into the localized retinal immune status.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.