ReviewTzu chi medical journal
Designing intranasal formulations for Alzheimer's disease: A material-based perspective.
Review in Tzu chi medical journal. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains a major global health challenge, as currently available therapies have a limited impact on disease progression and rely largely on systemic administration. Effective treatment is further hindered by the blood-brain barrier, which restricts brain exposure for most therapeutic agents. Intranasal delivery offers a noninvasive nose-to-brain approach by utilizing olfactory and trigeminal pathways to bypass systemic circulation and first-pass metabolism. Clinically, intranasal insulin and mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes have demonstrated feasibility and safety in mild cognitive impairment and AD, and imaging studies have confirmed direct brain uptake following intranasal dosing. However, variable clinical outcomes suggest that therapeutic efficacy is determined primarily by formulation properties rather than by the delivery route alone. This review adopts a material-centric perspective to summarize rational intranasal formulation strategies for AD, including chitosan derivatives, thermoresponsive poloxamer and amphiphilic block copolymer platforms, lipid-based nanocarriers, surface-engineered systems, and biomimetic nanovesicles. Key translational considerations are discussed with emphasis on quantitative validation of brain exposure and reproducibility. Emerging methodological tools are briefly noted as potential facilitators of formulation development, without detracting from the central role of rational material design.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.