ArticleRSC advances2026
Electrochemical differentiation of native-denatured hemoglobin using a same-metal PCB-based three-electrode system.
Article in RSC advances, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Denaturation statistically decreases a protein's structural stability and alters its reactivity, particularly in its redox reactions. One such protein is the redox-active hemoglobin (Hb) molecule, which is among the most extensively studied due to its importance in respiration. To investigate its redox activity, the standard electrochemical sensing method using a three-electrode platform has been widely employed. In this work, however, an unconventional approach was used whereby a same-metal (gold) three-electrode sensor was utilized. Interestingly, despite the absence of dissimilar electrode materials, the current PCB-based same-metal three-electrode (PCB-3T) sensor successfully produced characteristic Hb electrochemical profiles. In phosphate-buffered saline, closely spaced anodic and cathodic peak potentials were observed, indicating enhanced redox reversibility; an outcome that is difficult to achieve in
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